南方医科大学学报 ›› 2026, Vol. 46 ›› Issue (10): 2494-2508.doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2026.10.18
• • 上一篇
胡敦林1(
), 郭慧1, 汪晓娟1, 李煜1, 张弛1, 陈小虎1, 聂晓莉1,2(
)
收稿日期:2026-03-25
出版日期:2026-10-20
发布日期:2026-10-26
通讯作者:
聂晓莉
E-mail:hudunlin1218@163.com;nxl117@163.com
作者简介:胡敦林,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: hudunlin1218@163.com
基金资助:
Dunlin HU1(
), Hui GUO1, Xiaojuan WANG1, Yu LI1, Chi ZHANG1, Xiaohu CHEN1, XiaoLi NIE1,2(
)
Received:2026-03-25
Online:2026-10-20
Published:2026-10-26
Contact:
XiaoLi NIE
E-mail:hudunlin1218@163.com;nxl117@163.com
Supported by:摘要:
目的 基于“糖-心-肾”轴,采用生物信息学与网络药理学探索糖尿病肾病(DKD)合并慢性心力衰竭(CHF)的免疫-胞葬共病机制,预测“异病同治”中药干预策略。 方法 整合公共数据库的DKD与CHF的转录组数据,利用差异表达分析结合加权基因共表达网络分析(WGCNA)构建共病核心基因集。通过蛋白质互作(PPI)网络与分子复合物检测(MCODE)算法识别枢纽基因,将其与胞葬相关基因集取交集,结合外部数据集进行多重验证,进行功能富集分析。利用Coremine Medical数据库预测调控中药,分析性味归经,分子对接验证核心成分与靶点结合。收集临床血清样本,用ELISA检测核心靶点蛋白水平。 结果 共鉴定50个共病核心基因,主要富集于磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B(PI3K-Akt)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)、晚期糖基化终末产物及其受体(AGE-RAGE)及氧化磷酸化等通路,提示免疫炎症、代谢重编程及胞葬功能障碍是共病的潜在核心机制。半乳糖凝集素3(LGALS3)被识别为核心枢纽基因(Hub genes),在验证集中差异表达且与胞葬功能相关。基于Hub genes预测的黄芩、黄芪、牛膝、姜黄等216味中药,药性以寒、温为主,味多苦、甘、辛,归肝、肺、脾、肾经。临床ELISA显示,DKD+CHF组血清LGALS3显著高于健康对照组、单纯DKD组和单纯CHF组(均P<0.001)。校正协变量后,共病状态仍与LGALS3独立正相关(β=51.20,P<0.001),效应量大于NT-proBNP的独立贡献。 结论 DKD合并CHF的发生发展与炎症、代谢通路异常及胞葬介导的免疫清除障碍相关。多组学分析及初步临床验证提示,LGALS3可能是连接TNF、PI3K-Akt等炎症通路与靶器官胞葬功能障碍的关键节点。预测的黄芪、黄芩、牛膝等中药体现“益气温阳、清热化瘀、泄浊解毒”治法,可能通过靶向LGALS3调节胞葬功能及免疫代谢微环境,为心肾共病防治提供新策略和思路。
胡敦林, 郭慧, 汪晓娟, 李煜, 张弛, 陈小虎, 聂晓莉. LGALS3作为糖尿病肾病合并心力衰竭的胞葬相关生物标志物及潜在中药治疗靶点[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2026, 46(10): 2494-2508.
Dunlin HU, Hui GUO, Xiaojuan WANG, Yu LI, Chi ZHANG, Xiaohu CHEN, XiaoLi NIE. LGALS3 is an efferocytosis-related biomarker and potential traditional Chinese medicine therapeutic target for diabetic kidney disease complicated with heart failure[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2026, 46(10): 2494-2508.
| Gene | Candidate TCMs |
|---|---|
| S100A9 | Albizia julibrissin, Caragana sinensis (whole herb, root, flower), Isatis tinctoria leaf, Baphicacanthus cusia root, Smilax glabra, Gentiana scabra, Abelmoschus manihot, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Momordica charantia, Evodia rutaecarpa, Rheum palmatum, Catharsius molossus |
| FPR2 | Rhododendron dauricum, Sparganium stoloniferum, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Patrinia villosa, Lindera aggregata, Ganoderma applanatum, Scolopendra subspinipes, Corydalis yanhusuo, Cyperus rotundus, Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Angelica sinensis |
| TREM1 | Abelmoschus manihot, Ligusticum spp. (including L. chuanxiong, L. sinense), Rehmannia glutinosa (fresh & dried), Prunus persica (seed, immature fruit, twig), Angelica sinensis |
| LGALS3 | Stellaria dichotoma, Smilax china, Notopterygium incisum, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Panax japonicus (whole herb & leaf), Camellia japonica (root & flower), Rehmannia glutinosa (fresh & dried), Arca subcrenata, Crataegus pinnatifida |
| CD86 | Cyathula officinalis, Plantago asiatica (herb & seed), Patrinia villosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Polygonum cuspidatum, Arisaema erubescens, Pinellia pedatisecta, Achyranthes bidentata, Hericium erinaceus, Belamcanda chinensis, Polyporus umbellatus, Nidus vespae, Lycium barbarum (cultivated & wild fruit), Cordyceps sinensis, Curcuma longispica*, Moschus (natural & artificial), Astragalus membranaceus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Atractylodes macrocephala, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Platycodon grandiflorus, Panax ginseng (whole herb, leaf, flower, dew), Cistanche deserticola, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Rosa laevigata (root & fruit), Caesalpinia sappan, Laminaria japonica, Forsythia suspensa, Codonopsis spp. (including C. pilosula, C. lanceolata), Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax notoginseng (whole herb, leaf, flower), Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Arca subcrenata, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Lindera aggregata, Manis pentadactyla, Schisandra chinensis, Collocalia esculenta nest |
| CXCL1 | Albizia julibrissin, Sanguisorba officinalis, Lycoris radiata, Manis pentadactyla, Scutellaria baicalensis, Artemisia capillaris, Siraitia grosvenorii, Hibiscus mutabilis flower, Chrysanthemum indicum, Oroxylum indicum, Hedyotis diffusa, Angelica dahurica |
| FCGR2A | Polygonum multiflorum, Codonopsis pilosula, Naja naja |
| IL1R2 | Artemisia argyi fruit, Artemisia (Baihuahao), Perilla frutescens (seed, fried seed, stalk), Camellia sinensis, Bufo bufo (Fried), Eugenia caryophyllata (root, bark, leaf, twig, oil, dew), Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava leaf, Achyranthes aspera, Cinnamomum cassia bark, Piper betle leaf, Prunus armeniaca seed (Bitter), Sonchus arvensis, Amomum villosum, Mosla chinensis, Dianthus chinensis, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum camphora, Aconitum coreanum, Laurus nobilis seed, Myrrha (Processed) |
| CD1C | Areca catechu (seed, processed seed, pericarp), Codonopsis lanceolata, Santalum album, Thevetia peruviana (leaf & seed), Mentha spicata, Tremella fuciformis, Achyranthes bidentata, Angelica dahurica, Ligusticum chuanxiong |
| FLT3 | Dolichos lablab (whole herb, flower, coat), Atractylodes macrocephala, Lonicera japonica caulis, Rehmannia glutinosa (fresh & dried), Coriandrum sativum (whole herb & fruit), Lonicera japonica flower, Camellia sinensis root, Astragalus membranaceus |
| SOCS3 | Omphalia lapidescens, Mahonia fortunei (whole herb, leaf, wood), Alisma plantago-aquatica, Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma zedoaria, Lindera aggregata, Peucedanum praeruptorum, Tremella fuciformis, Rosa chinensis flower, Cuscuta chinensis, Euphorbia kansui, Tribulus terrestris, Limonite, Isinglass, Scutellaria baicalensis, Dendrobium nobile, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia anomala, Polygala tenuifolia, Atractylodes lancea, Perilla frutescens (whole herb, seed, stalk, tops), Momordica charantia, Isatis tinctoria leaf |
| S100A8 | Albizia julibrissin, Smilax glabra, Abelmoschus manihot, Catharsius molossus, Bubalus bubalis horn, Portulaca oleracea, Cervus nippon antler (velvet & osseous), Rheum palmatum, Ganoderma lucidum |
| MSR1 | Gentiana lutea, Elephantopus scaber, Sophora alopecuroides, Arctium lappa (root & seed), Atractylodes macrocephala, Laminaria japonica, Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma longa, Perilla frutescens |
表1 中药预测结果
Tab.1 Predicted results for Chinese medicines
| Gene | Candidate TCMs |
|---|---|
| S100A9 | Albizia julibrissin, Caragana sinensis (whole herb, root, flower), Isatis tinctoria leaf, Baphicacanthus cusia root, Smilax glabra, Gentiana scabra, Abelmoschus manihot, Alisma plantago-aquatica, Momordica charantia, Evodia rutaecarpa, Rheum palmatum, Catharsius molossus |
| FPR2 | Rhododendron dauricum, Sparganium stoloniferum, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Patrinia villosa, Lindera aggregata, Ganoderma applanatum, Scolopendra subspinipes, Corydalis yanhusuo, Cyperus rotundus, Paeonia lactiflora, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Angelica sinensis |
| TREM1 | Abelmoschus manihot, Ligusticum spp. (including L. chuanxiong, L. sinense), Rehmannia glutinosa (fresh & dried), Prunus persica (seed, immature fruit, twig), Angelica sinensis |
| LGALS3 | Stellaria dichotoma, Smilax china, Notopterygium incisum, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Panax japonicus (whole herb & leaf), Camellia japonica (root & flower), Rehmannia glutinosa (fresh & dried), Arca subcrenata, Crataegus pinnatifida |
| CD86 | Cyathula officinalis, Plantago asiatica (herb & seed), Patrinia villosa, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos, Polygonum cuspidatum, Arisaema erubescens, Pinellia pedatisecta, Achyranthes bidentata, Hericium erinaceus, Belamcanda chinensis, Polyporus umbellatus, Nidus vespae, Lycium barbarum (cultivated & wild fruit), Cordyceps sinensis, Curcuma longispica*, Moschus (natural & artificial), Astragalus membranaceus, Sanguisorba officinalis, Atractylodes macrocephala, Sargentodoxa cuneata, Platycodon grandiflorus, Panax ginseng (whole herb, leaf, flower, dew), Cistanche deserticola, Uncaria rhynchophylla, Rosa laevigata (root & fruit), Caesalpinia sappan, Laminaria japonica, Forsythia suspensa, Codonopsis spp. (including C. pilosula, C. lanceolata), Scutellaria baicalensis, Panax notoginseng (whole herb, leaf, flower), Schizonepeta tenuifolia, Arca subcrenata, Dryopteris crassirhizoma, Lindera aggregata, Manis pentadactyla, Schisandra chinensis, Collocalia esculenta nest |
| CXCL1 | Albizia julibrissin, Sanguisorba officinalis, Lycoris radiata, Manis pentadactyla, Scutellaria baicalensis, Artemisia capillaris, Siraitia grosvenorii, Hibiscus mutabilis flower, Chrysanthemum indicum, Oroxylum indicum, Hedyotis diffusa, Angelica dahurica |
| FCGR2A | Polygonum multiflorum, Codonopsis pilosula, Naja naja |
| IL1R2 | Artemisia argyi fruit, Artemisia (Baihuahao), Perilla frutescens (seed, fried seed, stalk), Camellia sinensis, Bufo bufo (Fried), Eugenia caryophyllata (root, bark, leaf, twig, oil, dew), Pimenta dioica, Psidium guajava leaf, Achyranthes aspera, Cinnamomum cassia bark, Piper betle leaf, Prunus armeniaca seed (Bitter), Sonchus arvensis, Amomum villosum, Mosla chinensis, Dianthus chinensis, Origanum vulgare, Cinnamomum camphora, Aconitum coreanum, Laurus nobilis seed, Myrrha (Processed) |
| CD1C | Areca catechu (seed, processed seed, pericarp), Codonopsis lanceolata, Santalum album, Thevetia peruviana (leaf & seed), Mentha spicata, Tremella fuciformis, Achyranthes bidentata, Angelica dahurica, Ligusticum chuanxiong |
| FLT3 | Dolichos lablab (whole herb, flower, coat), Atractylodes macrocephala, Lonicera japonica caulis, Rehmannia glutinosa (fresh & dried), Coriandrum sativum (whole herb & fruit), Lonicera japonica flower, Camellia sinensis root, Astragalus membranaceus |
| SOCS3 | Omphalia lapidescens, Mahonia fortunei (whole herb, leaf, wood), Alisma plantago-aquatica, Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma zedoaria, Lindera aggregata, Peucedanum praeruptorum, Tremella fuciformis, Rosa chinensis flower, Cuscuta chinensis, Euphorbia kansui, Tribulus terrestris, Limonite, Isinglass, Scutellaria baicalensis, Dendrobium nobile, Artemisia capillaris, Artemisia anomala, Polygala tenuifolia, Atractylodes lancea, Perilla frutescens (whole herb, seed, stalk, tops), Momordica charantia, Isatis tinctoria leaf |
| S100A8 | Albizia julibrissin, Smilax glabra, Abelmoschus manihot, Catharsius molossus, Bubalus bubalis horn, Portulaca oleracea, Cervus nippon antler (velvet & osseous), Rheum palmatum, Ganoderma lucidum |
| MSR1 | Gentiana lutea, Elephantopus scaber, Sophora alopecuroides, Arctium lappa (root & seed), Atractylodes macrocephala, Laminaria japonica, Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma longa, Perilla frutescens |
| TCM | Frequency | Targets |
|---|---|---|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | 3 | CD86、CXCL1、SOCS3 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh) | 3 | TREM1、LGALS3、FLT3 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Dried) | 3 | TREM1、FLT3、LGALS3 |
| Atractylodes macrocephala | 3 | CD86、FLT3、MSR1 |
| Albizia julibrissin | 3 | CXCL1、S100A8、S100A9 |
| Abelmoschus manihot | 3 | S100A9、TREM1、S100A8 |
| Lindera aggregata | 3 | SOCS3、FPR2、CD86 |
| Ligusticum chuanxiong | 2 | TREM1、CD1C、 |
| Astragalus membranaceus | 2 | CD86、FLT3 |
| Gentiana scabra | 2 | S100A9、MSR1 |
| Achyranthes bidentata | 2 | CD86、CD1C |
| Rheum palmatum | 2 | S100A8、S100A9 |
| Alisma plantago-aquatica | 2 | S100A9、SOCS3 |
| Curcuma aromatica | 2 | SOCS3、MSR1 |
| Curcuma longa | 2 | MSR1、CD86 |
表2 中药的作用频次
Tab.2 Gene effect frequency of various herbal materials
| TCM | Frequency | Targets |
|---|---|---|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | 3 | CD86、CXCL1、SOCS3 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh) | 3 | TREM1、LGALS3、FLT3 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Dried) | 3 | TREM1、FLT3、LGALS3 |
| Atractylodes macrocephala | 3 | CD86、FLT3、MSR1 |
| Albizia julibrissin | 3 | CXCL1、S100A8、S100A9 |
| Abelmoschus manihot | 3 | S100A9、TREM1、S100A8 |
| Lindera aggregata | 3 | SOCS3、FPR2、CD86 |
| Ligusticum chuanxiong | 2 | TREM1、CD1C、 |
| Astragalus membranaceus | 2 | CD86、FLT3 |
| Gentiana scabra | 2 | S100A9、MSR1 |
| Achyranthes bidentata | 2 | CD86、CD1C |
| Rheum palmatum | 2 | S100A8、S100A9 |
| Alisma plantago-aquatica | 2 | S100A9、SOCS3 |
| Curcuma aromatica | 2 | SOCS3、MSR1 |
| Curcuma longa | 2 | MSR1、CD86 |
| TCM | Degree | Betweenness Centrality | Closeness Centrality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | 29 | 0.543300408 | 0.276162791 |
| Astragalus membranaceus | 14 | 0.329422848 | 0.238693467 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh) | 14 | 0.283225084 | 0.201271186 |
| Curcuma aromatica | 9 | 0.160821599 | 0.213963964 |
| Achyranthes bidentata | 8 | 0.307002216 | 0.247395833 |
表3 关键中药拓扑参数
Tab.3 Topological parameters of key traditional Chinese medicines
| TCM | Degree | Betweenness Centrality | Closeness Centrality |
|---|---|---|---|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | 29 | 0.543300408 | 0.276162791 |
| Astragalus membranaceus | 14 | 0.329422848 | 0.238693467 |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh) | 14 | 0.283225084 | 0.201271186 |
| Curcuma aromatica | 9 | 0.160821599 | 0.213963964 |
| Achyranthes bidentata | 8 | 0.307002216 | 0.247395833 |
| TCM | Ingredient | Mol ID | Mw | AlogP (MiLogP) | Hdon | Hacc | OB (%) | DL | Lipinski (Y/N) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | coptisine | MOL 001458 | 320.34 | 3.25 | 0 | 4 | 30.67 | 0.86 | Y | |
| baicalein | MOL 002714 | 270.25 | 2.33 | 3 | 5 | 33.52 | 0.21 | Y | ||
| wogonin | MOL 000173 | 284.2 | 2.59 | 2 | 5 | 30.68 | 0.23 | Y | ||
| Astragalus membranaceus | quercetin | MOL 000098 | 302.25 | 1.5 | 5 | 7 | 46.43 | 0.28 | Y | |
| kaempferol | MOL 000422 | 286.25 | 1.77 | 4 | 6 | 41.88 | 0.24 | Y | ||
| Curcuma aromatica | (E)-5-Hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-1-heptene | MOL 004263 | 282.41 | 4.59 | 2 | 2 | 46.9 | 0.19 | Y | |
| Achyranthes bidentata | epiberberine | MOL 002897 | 336.39 | 3.45 | 0 | 4 | 43.09 | 0.78 | Y | |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh) | salidroside | HBIN 042854 | 300.3 | 3.2 | 3 | 5 | N/A | N/A | Y | |
| diincarvilone A | HBIN 024020 | 480.64 | -0.6 | 5 | 7 | N/A | N/A | Y | ||
表4 关键中药成分
Tab.4 Key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines
| TCM | Ingredient | Mol ID | Mw | AlogP (MiLogP) | Hdon | Hacc | OB (%) | DL | Lipinski (Y/N) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scutellaria baicalensis | coptisine | MOL 001458 | 320.34 | 3.25 | 0 | 4 | 30.67 | 0.86 | Y | |
| baicalein | MOL 002714 | 270.25 | 2.33 | 3 | 5 | 33.52 | 0.21 | Y | ||
| wogonin | MOL 000173 | 284.2 | 2.59 | 2 | 5 | 30.68 | 0.23 | Y | ||
| Astragalus membranaceus | quercetin | MOL 000098 | 302.25 | 1.5 | 5 | 7 | 46.43 | 0.28 | Y | |
| kaempferol | MOL 000422 | 286.25 | 1.77 | 4 | 6 | 41.88 | 0.24 | Y | ||
| Curcuma aromatica | (E)-5-Hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -1-phenyl-1-heptene | MOL 004263 | 282.41 | 4.59 | 2 | 2 | 46.9 | 0.19 | Y | |
| Achyranthes bidentata | epiberberine | MOL 002897 | 336.39 | 3.45 | 0 | 4 | 43.09 | 0.78 | Y | |
| Rehmannia glutinosa (Fresh) | salidroside | HBIN 042854 | 300.3 | 3.2 | 3 | 5 | N/A | N/A | Y | |
| diincarvilone A | HBIN 024020 | 480.64 | -0.6 | 5 | 7 | N/A | N/A | Y | ||
| Protein | Protein structure | Molecular | Affinity (kcal/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| LGALS3 | ![]() | quercetin | 6.8 |
| kaempferol | 6.1 |
表5 分子对接结合能情况
Tab.5 Vina scores for docking simulations
| Protein | Protein structure | Molecular | Affinity (kcal/mol) |
|---|---|---|---|
| LGALS3 | ![]() | quercetin | 6.8 |
| kaempferol | 6.1 |
| Clinical Indicators | HC (n=15) | DKD (n=15) | CHF (n=15) | DKD+CHF (n=15) | (F/H/χ2) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male [male, n (%)] | 7 (46.7%) | 7 (46.7%) | 7 (46.7%) | 8 (53.3%) | χ2=0.20 | 0.978 |
| Age (Mean±SD) | 66.40±11.30 | 66.67±6.59 | 65.73±13.66 | 68.80±7.76 | F=0.25 | 0.859 |
| BMI (Mean±SD) | 22.98±2.04 | 24.33±3.49 | 22.69±3.56 | 24.79±3.70 | F=1.47 | 0.232 |
| Cr (Median [IQR]) | 68.00 [62.50, 77.50] | 478.00 [271.50, 503.50]** | 71.00 [63.50, 84.50]## | 293.00 [201.00, 576.50]**&& | H=36.47 | <0.001 |
| BUN (Median [IQR]) | 5.06 [4.58, 5.80] | 24.10 [16.30, 29.30]** | 6.20 [5.65, 7.50]## | 17.10 [9.90, 23.30]**&& | H=40.46 | <0.001 |
| UA (Median [IQR]) | 324.00 [280.00, 364.00] | 416.00 [326.00, 475.00] | 362.00 [280.00, 483.50] | 406.00 [272.50, 504.00] | H=5.12 | 0.163 |
| eGFR (Mean±SD) | 87.60±7.64 | 14.87±10.50** | 84.20±13.92## | 25.67±29.51**&& | F=70.88 | <0.001 |
| LVEF (Mean±SD) | 64.40±4.67 | 65.07±3.67 | 40.53±10.76**## | 52.80±9.99**##&& | F=32.02 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD (Mean±SD) | 43.80±3.55 | 44.93±4.18 | 58.00±10.06**## | 49.53±5.14&& | F=15.84 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (Mean±SD) | 5.59±0.28 | 7.51±1.49** | 5.64±0.40## | 7.95±2.00**&& | F=14.05 | <0.001 |
NT_proBNP (Median [IQR]) | 59.37 [28.41, 162.60] | 382.00 [283.50, 744.65]** | 4480.00 [2989.00, 17888.50]**## | 3120.00 [1432.50, 24311.00]**## | H=44.46 | <0.001 |
| hs_cTnT (Median [IQR]) | 7.20 [6.08, 9.27] | 25.10 [17.45, 31.20]** | 43.68 [31.50, 74.00]**# | 79.80 [47.15, 141.06]**# | H=37.11 | <0.001 |
| TC (Mean±SD) | 4.46±0.74 | 3.92±1.03 | 4.15±0.71 | 3.90±0.87 | F=1.42 | 0.247 |
| TG (Median [IQR]) | 1.26 [0.99, 1.60] | 1.73 [1.50, 2.33]* | 1.20 [0.86, 1.57]# | 1.85 [1.51, 2.13]*& | H=17.15 | <0.001 |
| LDL_C (Mean±SD) | 2.77±0.63 | 2.13±0.56* | 2.14±0.54* | 2.26±0.63 | F=3.93 | 0.013 |
表6 各组临床受试者基线特征比较
Tab.6 Comparison of baseline characteristics of clinical subjects in each group
| Clinical Indicators | HC (n=15) | DKD (n=15) | CHF (n=15) | DKD+CHF (n=15) | (F/H/χ2) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male [male, n (%)] | 7 (46.7%) | 7 (46.7%) | 7 (46.7%) | 8 (53.3%) | χ2=0.20 | 0.978 |
| Age (Mean±SD) | 66.40±11.30 | 66.67±6.59 | 65.73±13.66 | 68.80±7.76 | F=0.25 | 0.859 |
| BMI (Mean±SD) | 22.98±2.04 | 24.33±3.49 | 22.69±3.56 | 24.79±3.70 | F=1.47 | 0.232 |
| Cr (Median [IQR]) | 68.00 [62.50, 77.50] | 478.00 [271.50, 503.50]** | 71.00 [63.50, 84.50]## | 293.00 [201.00, 576.50]**&& | H=36.47 | <0.001 |
| BUN (Median [IQR]) | 5.06 [4.58, 5.80] | 24.10 [16.30, 29.30]** | 6.20 [5.65, 7.50]## | 17.10 [9.90, 23.30]**&& | H=40.46 | <0.001 |
| UA (Median [IQR]) | 324.00 [280.00, 364.00] | 416.00 [326.00, 475.00] | 362.00 [280.00, 483.50] | 406.00 [272.50, 504.00] | H=5.12 | 0.163 |
| eGFR (Mean±SD) | 87.60±7.64 | 14.87±10.50** | 84.20±13.92## | 25.67±29.51**&& | F=70.88 | <0.001 |
| LVEF (Mean±SD) | 64.40±4.67 | 65.07±3.67 | 40.53±10.76**## | 52.80±9.99**##&& | F=32.02 | <0.001 |
| LVEDD (Mean±SD) | 43.80±3.55 | 44.93±4.18 | 58.00±10.06**## | 49.53±5.14&& | F=15.84 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (Mean±SD) | 5.59±0.28 | 7.51±1.49** | 5.64±0.40## | 7.95±2.00**&& | F=14.05 | <0.001 |
NT_proBNP (Median [IQR]) | 59.37 [28.41, 162.60] | 382.00 [283.50, 744.65]** | 4480.00 [2989.00, 17888.50]**## | 3120.00 [1432.50, 24311.00]**## | H=44.46 | <0.001 |
| hs_cTnT (Median [IQR]) | 7.20 [6.08, 9.27] | 25.10 [17.45, 31.20]** | 43.68 [31.50, 74.00]**# | 79.80 [47.15, 141.06]**# | H=37.11 | <0.001 |
| TC (Mean±SD) | 4.46±0.74 | 3.92±1.03 | 4.15±0.71 | 3.90±0.87 | F=1.42 | 0.247 |
| TG (Median [IQR]) | 1.26 [0.99, 1.60] | 1.73 [1.50, 2.33]* | 1.20 [0.86, 1.57]# | 1.85 [1.51, 2.13]*& | H=17.15 | <0.001 |
| LDL_C (Mean±SD) | 2.77±0.63 | 2.13±0.56* | 2.14±0.54* | 2.26±0.63 | F=3.93 | 0.013 |
图2 DKD与CHF差异表达基因的识别
Fig.2 Identification of DEGs in DKD and CHF. Fig.2 Identification of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in diabetic kidney disease (DKD) and chronic heart failure (CHF). A: Volcano plot of DEGs in DKD (red represents up-regulated and green represents down-regulated genes). B: Heatmap of DEGs in DKD. C: Volcano plot of DEGs in CHF. D: Heatmap of DEGs in CHF. E: Venn diagram illustrating the intersection of DEGs between DKD and CHF, identifying a total of 22 shared comorbidity DEGs.
图3 WGCNA核心模块筛选
Fig.3 Screening of key co-expression modules via weighted gene co expression network analysis (WGCNA). A, B: Network topology analysis of the DKD (A) and CHF (B) datasets. C, D: Gene clustering dendrograms and module cutting for DKD (C) and CHF (D). E, F: Heatmaps of module-trait relationships for DKD (E) and CHF (F). G: Shared module genes of WGCNA.
图4 共病核心基因集的功能富集分析
Fig.4 Functional enrichment analysis of the common core genes. A, B: Complete PPI networks of core targets constructed using the STRING database (A: Full network; B: Key modules). C: Bubble plot of GO enrichment analysis. D: Sankey diagram of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. In C and D, the size of the dots represents the number of genes, and the color indicates the significance of the P-value.
图5 PPI网络构建与Hub genes筛选
Fig.5 PPI network construction and screening of hub genes. A: PPI network of the 50 comorbidity core genes constructed based on the STRING database. B: A key module comprising 13 hub genes identified through clustering using the MCODE plugin in Cytoscape.
图6 潜在调控中药的药理属性及"基因-中药-成分"网络
Fig.6 Pharmacological properties of potential TCMs and the "Gene-Herb-Ingredient" network. A-D: Statistical distributions of the pharmacological properties of the predicted TCMs (A: Efficacy categories; B: Meridian tropisms; C: Natures; D: Flavors). E: Venn diagram of the intersecting targets between the diseases and the predicted TCMs. F: "Core comorbidity gene-TCM-active ingredient" regulatory network (larger nodes indicate higher Degree values).
图7 核心基因表达验证及分子对接模式图
Fig.7 Validation of hub gene expression and molecular docking simulation. A, B: Expression levels of the core genes in the validation datasets (A: DKD dataset GSE30122; B: CHF dataset GSE5406). C: Molecular docking model of the key active ingredient quercetin with the core target LGALS3 (binding energy: -6.8 kcal/mol). (*P<0.05).
图8 四组受试者血清中 LGALS3 蛋白表达水平比较
Fig.8 Comparison of serum LGALS3 levels among the 4 groups (Mean±SD, n=15). Control: Healthy control group; DKD: Diabetic kidney disease group; CHF: Chronic heart failure group; DKD+CHF: DKD combined with CHF group. ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.
| Variables | β | SE | 95% CI | t | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 31.88 | 28.48 | -25.32-89.09 | 1.12 | 0.268 |
| Group DKD (vs HC) | -9.84 | 13.1 | -36.17-16.49 | -0.75 | 0.456 |
| Group CHF (vs HC) | -7.19 | 11.65 | -30.61-16.23 | -0.62 | 0.54 |
| Group DKD+CHF (vs HC) | 51.2 | 13.29 | 24.50-77.91 | 3.85 | <0.001 |
| Age | -0.04 | 0.26 | -0.57-0.49 | -0.15 | 0.88 |
| Gender(Male) | -7.37 | 4.96 | -17.35-2.60 | -1.49 | 0.144 |
| eGFR | -0.26 | 0.16 | -0.58-0.05 | -1.68 | 0.099 |
| logNTproBNP | 5.17 | 2.18 | 0.78-9.56 | 2.37 | 0.022 |
| HbA1c | -0.54 | 2.01 | -4.58-3.51 | -0.27 | 0.79 |
表7 血清LGALS3影响因素的多元线性回归分析
Tab.7 Multivariate linear regression analysis of factors affecting serum LGALS3
| Variables | β | SE | 95% CI | t | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Intercept) | 31.88 | 28.48 | -25.32-89.09 | 1.12 | 0.268 |
| Group DKD (vs HC) | -9.84 | 13.1 | -36.17-16.49 | -0.75 | 0.456 |
| Group CHF (vs HC) | -7.19 | 11.65 | -30.61-16.23 | -0.62 | 0.54 |
| Group DKD+CHF (vs HC) | 51.2 | 13.29 | 24.50-77.91 | 3.85 | <0.001 |
| Age | -0.04 | 0.26 | -0.57-0.49 | -0.15 | 0.88 |
| Gender(Male) | -7.37 | 4.96 | -17.35-2.60 | -1.49 | 0.144 |
| eGFR | -0.26 | 0.16 | -0.58-0.05 | -1.68 | 0.099 |
| logNTproBNP | 5.17 | 2.18 | 0.78-9.56 | 2.37 | 0.022 |
| HbA1c | -0.54 | 2.01 | -4.58-3.51 | -0.27 | 0.79 |
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