精胺抑制巨噬细胞中GBP5介导的NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻感染肠道病毒71型的新生小鼠脏器损伤

doi:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.05.02

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的基于巨噬细胞中GBP5调控NLRP3炎症小体活化，探究精胺（Spm）治疗肠道病毒71型（EV71）感染引起的重症手足口病的机制。方法体内实验：将3~5 d龄的BALB/c乳鼠随机分为对照组（CON组）、感染组（EV71组）、治疗组（SPM组），感染组和治疗组每只腹腔注射浓度为1×10⁶半数组织培养感染剂量（TCID50）病毒液50 μL，治疗组在注射病毒3 d后注射100 μmol/L 精胺50 μL，对照组腹腔注射无菌PBS 50 μL。观察小鼠状态1周，提取小鼠心、肝、肺及肾组织全蛋白、RNA及组织切片，Western blotting、qPCR检测小鼠组织GBP5、NLRP3、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达水平，HE染色观察小鼠组织损伤及炎症细胞浸润状况，免疫组化法观察组织巨噬细胞浸润情况及GBP5的表达水平。体外实验：分别设置对照组（CON组）、感染组（EV71组）、治疗组（SPM组）、多胺生物合成抑制剂组。提取THP-1及RAW细胞RNA，通过RT-PCR检测细胞GBP5、NLRP3、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达水平。结果与对照组相比，小鼠在感染EV71后心、肝、肺及肾组织出现明显损伤，其中心、肺组织中明显观察到巨噬细胞的浸润。心、肝、肺及肾组织中GBP5、NLRP3、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）；经精胺治疗后，与感染组相比治疗组小鼠组织损伤明显改善，心、肺组织中的巨噬细胞浸润减少。精胺治疗后小鼠心、肝、肺及肾组织中NLRP3、GBP5、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达水平降低（P<0.05）。在THP-1及RAW细胞中发现，感染EV71病毒后GBP5、NLRP3、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达升高（P<0.05），经精胺治疗后细胞中GBP5、NLRP3、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达降低（P<0.05）。在THP-1细胞中使用多胺生物合成抑制剂减少精胺合成可改善由GBP5 siRNA干扰引起的GBP5、NLRP3、CXCL10、TNFSF10表达降低（P<0.05）。结论精胺治疗可以降低EV71感染引起的巨噬细胞中GBP5介导的NLRP3炎症小体活化，减少炎症因子释放从而发挥治疗儿童重症手足口病的作用。

关键词: 重症手足口病, 肠道病毒71型, NLRP3, GBP5, 巨噬细胞, 精胺

Abstract:

Objective To observe the therapeutic effect of spermine in neonatal mouse models of severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection and explore its therapeutic mechanism in light of regulation of macrophage GBP5/NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Methods Neonatal BALB/c mice (3-5 days old) were divided into control group, EV71 infection group and Spermine treatment group. The mice in the latter two groups received an intraperitoneal injection of 50 μL EV71 suspension (1×10⁶ TCID50 of EV71), followed 3 days later by intraperitoneal injection of 50 μL PBS or 100 μmol/L spermine. GBP5, NLRP3, CXCL10, and TNFSF10 expressions in heart, liver, lung and kidney tissues of the mice were detected using Western blotting and qPCR, and tissue pathologies and macrophage infiltration were assessed with HE staining and immunohistochemistry. In cultured THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells, the effects of EV71 infection, GBP5 siRNA transfection and treatment with spermine or eflornithine on GBP5, NLRP3, CXCL10, and TNFSF10 mRNA expressions were investigated using qPCR. Results In the neonatal mice, EV71 infection resulted in multiple organ damage, macrophage infiltration and activation of the GBP5/NLRP3 pathway, and spermine treatment significantly improved tissue injuries, reduced macrophage infiltration, and down-regulated the expressions of GBP5, NLRP3 and the inflammatory factors in the infected mice. In THP-1 and RAW264.7 cells, EV71 infection caused significant upregulation of GBP5, NLRP3, CXCL10, and TNFSF10 expressions, which were obviously lowered by spermine treatment. In THP-1 cells, treatment with eflornithine significantly suppressed the reduction of GBP5, NLRP3, CXCL10, and TNFSF10 expressions induced by GBP5 siRNA transfection. Conclusion Spermine suppressed EV71 infection-induced inflammatory responses by inhibiting GBP5-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation, suggesting a new strategy for treatment of severe HFMD.

Key words: severe hand-foot-mouth disease, enterovirus 71, NLRP3, GBP5, macrophages, spermine

田芷华, 杨青青, 陈欣, 张方方, 钟柏茂, 曹虹. 精胺抑制巨噬细胞中GBP5介导的NLRP3炎性小体活化减轻感染肠道病毒71型的新生小鼠脏器损伤[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(5): 901-910.

Zhihua TIAN, Qingqing YANG, Xin CHEN, Fangfang ZHANG, Baimao ZHONG, Hong CAO. Spermine suppresses GBP5-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages to relieve vital organ injuries in neonatal mice with enterovirus 71 infection[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2025, 45(5): 901-910.

图/表 8

表1 qPCR引物序列

Tab.1 Primers used for qPCR

Gene	Forward (5' to 3')	Reverse (5' to 3')
NLRP3	ATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG	CATGAGTGTGGCTAGATCCAAG
M-NLRP3	ATTACCCGCCCGAGAAAGG	CATGAGTGTGGCTAGATCCAAG
GBP5	CCATGTGCCTCATCGAGAACT	ACAGGTTGCGTAATGGCAGAC
M-GBP5	CAGACCTATTTGAACGCCAAAGA	TGCCTTGATTCTATCAGCCTCT
CXCL10	GTGGCATTCAAGGAGTACCTC	TGATGGCCTTCGATTCTGGATT
M-CXCL10	CCAAGTGCTGCCGTCATTTTC	GGCTCGCAGGGATGATTTCAA
TNFSF10	TGCGTGCTGATCGTGATCTTC	GCTCGTTGGTAAAGTACACGTA
M-TNFSF10	ATGGTGATTTGCATAGTGCTCC	GCAAGCAGGGTCTGTTCAAGA
ACTIN	CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC	CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT
M-ACTIN	ATGACCCAAGCCGAGAAGG	CGGCCAAGTCTTAGAGTTGTTG

表2 GBP5 siRNA序列

Tab.2 GBP5 siRNA sequences

siRNA	Sense (5'-3')	Antisense (5'-3')
NC	UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUTT	ACGUGACACGUCGGAGAATT
S1	GCCAAAUCACACAUTT	AACUAAUGUGUGAUUUGGCTT
S2	GGAAAUAGAUGGGCAACUUTT	AAGUUGCCCAUCUAUUUCCTT
S3	CCAGCAAAUGGGCCAGAAATT	UUUCUGGCCCAUUUGCUGGTT

图1 建立EV71感染的重症手足口病小鼠模型

Fig.1 Establishment of a mouse model of severe hand, foot and mouth disease induced by EV71 infection. A: Observation of mice on the third day following intraperitoneal EV71 injection (Left: Control group; Right: EV71 infection group). B: TOP50 differential genes with increased expression by transcriptome sequencing of the muscular tissues.

图2 感染EV71对小鼠组织的影响

Fig.2 Pathologies in the heart, liver, lung and kidney tissue of the mice with EV71 infection. A: Histopathological examination with HE staining for assessing tissue damages. Arrows indicate the area of pathological change. B: Immunohistochemical staining for detecting the expression of F4/80 in the heart and lungs of the mice. Arrows indicate IHC positive cells for F4/80 (*P<0.05, ***P<0.0001).

图3 感染EV71后小鼠及巨噬细胞中GBP5、NLRP3及CXCL10、TNFSF10的表达情况

Fig.3 Expressions of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 in neonatal mice and cultured macrophages with EV71 infection. A: Immunohistochemical staining for detecting the expression of GBP5 in the heart, liver, lung, and kidney of the mice. B-D: Western blotting and qPCR for detecting the expression of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 in EV71-infected mice (from left to right: heart, liver, lung and kidney) and cultured THP-1 (left) and RAW (right) cells. **P<0.001, ***P<0.0001.

图4 精胺治疗对EV71感染的重症手足口病小鼠的影响

Fig.4 Therapeutic effect of spermine in neonatal mouse models of severe hand, foot and mouth disease induced by EV71 infection. A: Observation of the mice on the third day following intraperitoneal injection of spermine (from left to right: control group, EV71 infection group, and spermine treatment group). B: Histopathological examination for assessing heart, liver, lung, and kidney damage in the mice in different groups (HE staining). Arrows indicate the area of pathological change. C: Immunohistochemical staining for detecting the expression of F4/80 in the heart and lung tissues. Arrows indicate IHC positive cells for F4/80. **P<0.001, ***P<0.0001.

图5 精胺治疗后小鼠及巨噬细胞中GBP5、NLRP3及CXCL10、TNFSF10的表达情况

Fig.5 Expressions of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 in vital organs of EV71-infected mice and in infected macrophages after spermidine treatment. A: Immunohistochemical staining for detecting the expression of GBP5 in the heart, liver, lung and kidney tissues. B-D: Western blotting and qPCR of the expressions of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 in EV71-infected mice and macrophages following spermine treatment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001.

图6 在巨噬细胞中抑制精胺合成GBP5、NLRP3及CXCL10、TNFSF10的表达情况

Fig.6 Effect of spermine synthesis inhibition on GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 expressions in macrophages. A: qPCR for detecting the mRNA expressions of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 after inhibiting GBP5 expression. ***P<0.001 vs NC. B: qPCR for examining the expressions of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 after inhibiting spermine synthesis. C: qPCR for examining the expressions of GBP5, NLRP, CXCL10 and TNFSF10 after inhibiting GBP5 and spermine synthesis simultaneously. ***P<0.001.

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