水晶兰苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路减少神经元凋亡改善脊髓损伤后小鼠的运动功能

doi:10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.04.13

南方医科大学学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 774-784.doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.04.13

• • 上一篇

水晶兰苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路减少神经元凋亡改善脊髓损伤后小鼠的运动功能

陈悦¹^,²(), 肖林雨¹^,², 任侣¹^,², 宋雪³^,⁵, 李静⁴^,⁵, 胡建国⁴^,⁵()

^1.蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院，康复科，安徽蚌埠 233004
^2.蚌埠医科大学检验医学院，安徽蚌埠 233030
^3.蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院，中心实验室，安徽蚌埠 233004
^4.蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院，检验科，安徽蚌埠 233004
^5.蚌埠医科大学第一附属医院，炎症相关性疾病基础与转化研究安徽省重点实验室，安徽蚌埠 233004

收稿日期:2024-09-09 出版日期:2025-04-20 发布日期:2025-04-28
通讯作者: 胡建国 E-mail:cyue0308@163.com;jghu9200@bbmc.edu.cn
作者简介:陈悦，在读硕士研究生，E-mail: cyue0308@163.com
基金资助:
国家自然科学基金(82071360);蚌埠医学院第一附属医院高水平科技创新团队(BYYFY2022TD002)

Monotropein improves motor function of mice with spinal cord injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to suppress neuronal apoptosis

Yue CHEN¹^,²(), Linyu XIAO¹^,², Lü REN¹^,², Xue SONG³^,⁵, Jing LI⁴^,⁵, Jianguo HU⁴^,⁵()

^1.Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233004, China
^2.College of Laboratory Medicine, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233030, China
^3.Central Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233004, China
^4.Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233004, China
^5.Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Inflammation-Related Diseases of Anhui Province, First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu 233004, China

Received:2024-09-09 Online:2025-04-20 Published:2025-04-28
Contact: Jianguo HU E-mail:cyue0308@163.com;jghu9200@bbmc.edu.cn
Supported by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071360)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

目的探究水晶兰苷（Mon）对脊髓损伤（SCI）小鼠运动功能的影响及其作用机制。方法采用脊髓撞击仪构建脊髓损伤小鼠模型，将小鼠随机分为Sham组、SCI组和SCI+Mon组，15只/组，SCI+Mon组小鼠每日腹腔注射0.2 mL的Mon溶液，其余2组注射等量生理盐水。利用巴索小鼠量表（BMS）运动评分、斜板实验、足迹测试来评估小鼠的运动功能；通过苏木精-伊红、快蓝、尼氏染色观察SCI小鼠脊髓组织的病理学改变和神经元数量；通过GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集分析Mon在SCI中的生物学功能和作用机制；采用免疫荧光同时标记NeuN和cleaved-caspase3、Western blotting检测凋亡蛋白分析Mon对SCI小鼠脊髓中神经元凋亡的影响；培养小鼠海马神经元HT22细胞，利用Tunel染色分析Mon对HT22细胞凋亡的影响；结合体内外样本，采用Western blotting检测Mon对PI3K/AKT信号通路的影响，并增加回复实验检测加入通路激活剂后对神经元的凋亡及SCI小鼠运动恢复的影响。结果在体实验发现，相较于SCI组，SCI+Mon组小鼠的BMS评分、斜板实验角度、足迹测试评分均升高（P<0.01），脊髓损伤面积减小、髓鞘保留和神经元数量增加（P<0.01）；生信分析发现Mon在SCI中可能发挥抗凋亡作用且与PI3K/AKT信号通路有关；免疫荧光结果显示，SCI+Mon组比SCI组小鼠神经元凋亡数量减少（P<0.01）；Western blotting数据表明，Mon干预后小鼠脊髓中cleaved-caspase3和Bax的蛋白水平降低，而Bcl-2的表达量升高（P<0.05）；体外实验也发现Mon可改善TNF-α诱导的HT22细胞凋亡（P<0.01）；Mon能够抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路的激活（P<0.01）；加入该通路的激活剂后，HT22细胞凋亡增加（P<0.01），cleaved-caspase3和Bax蛋白表达降低，而Bcl-2的表达量升高（P<0.05），且SCI小鼠的运动功能加剧（P<0.01）。结论 Mon可通过减少神经元的凋亡促进SCI小鼠运动功能恢复，其作用机制可能与抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路有关。

关键词: 水晶兰苷, 脊髓损伤, 神经元, 凋亡, PI3K/AKT

Abstract:

Objective To investigate the effect of monotropein on motor function recovery of mice with spinal cord injury (SCI) and explore the underlying mechanism. Methods Forty-five adult female C57BL/6 mice were randomized equally into sham operation group, SCI group, and SCI group with daily intraperitoneal monotropein injection. The mice in the former two groups received daily saline injections. Motor function of the mice was evaluated using BMS scores, slant plate test, and footprint analyses. Pathological changes and neuronal counts in the spinal cord were observed using HE, LFB, and Nissl staining. The biological functions of monotropein were explored using GO and KEGG enrichment analyses. NeuN/cleaved caspase-3 immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting were used to detect neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord of the mice. In cultured HT22 cells, the effect of monotropein on TNF-α-induced cell apoptosis was evaluated using TUNEL staining and Western blotting. In monotropein-treated HT22 cells and SCI mice, the changes in the PI3K/AKT pathway were examined, and the effect of a PI3K/AKT pathway activator (IGF-1) on HT22 cell apoptosis and motor function recovery of SCI mice were observed. Results SCI mice with monotropein treatment showed significantly improved motor functions with reduced SCI areas and increased myelin retention and neuron counts in the spinal cord. Bioinformatics analysis suggested a role of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in mediating the anti-apoptotic effects of monotropein. In SCI mice, monotropein obviously reduced apoptotic neurons, decreased expressions of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax and increased Bcl-2 expression in the spinal cord. In HT22 cells, monotropein significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced apoptosis and PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Treatment with IGF-1 obviously increased apoptosis of HT22 cells and exacerbated locomotor dysfunction in SCI mice. Conclusion Monotropein promotes motor function recovery in SCI mice by reducing neuronal apoptosis possibly by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Key words: monotropein, spinal cord injury, neurons, apoptosis, PI3K/AKT

陈悦, 肖林雨, 任侣, 宋雪, 李静, 胡建国. 水晶兰苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路减少神经元凋亡改善脊髓损伤后小鼠的运动功能[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(4): 774-784.

Yue CHEN, Linyu XIAO, Lü REN, Xue SONG, Jing LI, Jianguo HU. Monotropein improves motor function of mice with spinal cord injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to suppress neuronal apoptosis[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2025, 45(4): 774-784.

图/表 8

图1 小鼠运动功能评估

Fig.1 Assessment of motor function in monotropein (Mon)-treated mice with spinal cord injury (SCI). A: BMS Scoring. B: Inclined plane test. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs SCI. C,D: Footprint analysis 28 days after injury. blak arrows indicate normal hind leg tracks. (n=5). *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

图2 Mon 改善小鼠脊髓的损伤,增加残余髓鞘的数量,减少运动神经元的损失

Fig.2 Monotropein reduces lesion area, increases residual myelin, and inhibits motor neuron loss in SCI mice. A: HE staining of mouse spinal cord cross-sections at the injury site in the 3 groups. B: Quantitative analysis of lesion area at the injury site. C: LFB staining of mouse spinal cord cross-sections at the injury site in the 3 groups. D: Quantitative analysis of residual myelin. E: Nissl staining of neurons of mouse spinal cord cross-sections from 0.5 mm rostral to injury site center in the 3 groups. F: Quantitative analysis of residual number of motor neurons (n=5). **P<0.01.

图3 GO功能富集和KEGG通路富集预测Mon的功能和作用机制

Fig.3 GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analyses of the function and mechanism of monotropein. A: Prediction of the target proteins of monotropein using network pharmacology analysis. B: GO enrichment analysis. C: KEGG enrichment analysis.

图4 Mon改善脊髓损伤小鼠神经元的凋亡

Fig.4 Monotropein ameliorates neuronal apoptosis in SCI mice. A: NeuN (green) and cleaved caspase-3 (red) fluorescence costaining in mouse spinal cord tissue from the 3 groups. B: Quantification of the number of apoptotic neurons. C: Expression of apoptotic proteins in the spinal cord of the mice detected by Western blotting. D-F: Quantitative analysis of apoptotic protein expressions (n=5). *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

图5 Mon改善由TNF-α诱导的HT22细胞凋亡

Fig.5 Monotropein ameliorates HT22 cell apoptosis induced by TNF-α. A: TUNEL staining for analyzing apoptosis in HT22 cells. B: Quantitative analysis of the percentage of TUNEL staining-positive cells. C: Western blotting for detection of apoptotic protein expression. D-F: Quantification of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein expression (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

图6 Mon对PI3K/AKT信号通路蛋白表达的影响

Fig.6 Effect of monotropein on expressions of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway proteins in the spinal cord tissue of SCI mice and in HT22 cells detected using Western blotting. A: Protein bands in the 3 groups. B, C: Quantitative analysis of p-PI3K and p-AKT protein expressions in SCI mice. D: Western blotting of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway protein expressions in HT22 cells. E, F: Quantitative analysis of p-PI3K and p-AKT protein expressions in HT22 cells (n=3). **P<0.01.

图7 Mon通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路减少神经元的凋亡

Fig.7 Monotropein alleviates neuronal apoptosis by inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. A: Western blotting for assessment of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway protein expressions in HT22 cells. B, C: Quantitative evaluation of p-PI3K and p-AKT protein levels in HT22 cells. D: TUNEL staining of HT22 cells. E: Quantitative analysis of the percentage of TUNEL staining positive cells. F: Expression of apoptotic protein in HT22 cells. G-I: Quantitative analysis of cleaved caspase-3, Bax, and Bcl-2 protein levels in HT22 cells (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01.

图8 Mon通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路促进SCI小鼠运动功能的恢复

Fig.8 Monotropein promotes motor function recovery in SCI mice by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. A: BMS scoring. B: Inclined plane test. **P<0.01 vs SCI+Mon+IGF-1. C, D: Footprint analysis 28 days after injury (n=5). **P<0.01.

参考文献 35

1	Wang XZ, Niu XF, Wang YK, et al. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2/C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway as a therapeutic target and regulatory mechanism for spinal cord injury[J]. Neural Regen Res, 2025, 20(8): 2231-44.
2	Quadri SA, Farooqui M, Ikram A, et al. Recent update on basic mechanisms of spinal cord injury[J]. Neurosurg Rev, 2020, 43(2): 425-41.
3	Li J, Huang L, Yu LT, et al. Feruloylated oligosaccharides alleviate central nervous inflammation in mice following spinal cord contusion[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2020, 68(52): 15490-500.
4	Chen YQ, Wang SN, Shi YJ, et al. CRID3, a blocker of apoptosis associated speck like protein containing a card, ameliorates murine spinal cord injury by improving local immune microenvironment[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2020, 17(1): 255.
5	Zhu B, Gu GJ, Ren J, et al. Schwann cell-derived exosomes and methylprednisolone composite patch for spinal cord injury repair[J]. ACS Nano, 2023, 17(22): 22928-43.
6	Liu ZY, Yang Y, He L, et al. High-dose methylprednisolone for acute traumatic spinal cord injury: a meta-analysis[J]. Neurology, 2019, 93(9): e841-50.
7	Zhao R, Wu X, Bi XY, et al. Baicalin attenuates blood-spinal cord barrier disruption and apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway after spinal cord injury[J]. Neural Regen Res, 2022, 17(5): 1080-7.
8	Ji R, Hao ZZ, Wang H, et al. Fisetin promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury by inhibiting microglia/macrophage M1 polarization and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway[J]. J Agric Food Chem, 2024, 72(32): 17964-76.
9	Choi J, Lee KT, Choi MY, et al. Antinociceptive anti-inflammatory effect of Monotropein isolated from the root of Morinda officinalis [J]. Biol Pharm Bull, 2005, 28(10): 1915-8.
10	丁其莹, 刘鑫源, 覃佳运, 等. 基于药理学分析巴戟天治疗阿尔茨海默病的机制[J]. 食品工业科技, 2024, 45(16): 36-46.
11	冯鸿耀, 曾令杰, 黄涵, 等. 巴戟天根、茎、叶中甲基异茜草素、水晶兰苷、多糖的分布与积累研究[J]. 华西药学杂志, 2017, 32(2): 208-10.
12	Li Z, Chen ZY, Chen JY, et al. Monotropein attenuates apoptosis and pyroptosis in chondrocytes and alleviates osteoarthritis progression in mice[J]. Chin Med, 2023, 18(1): 42.
13	Zhou KL, Zheng ZL, Li Y, et al. TFE3, a potential therapeutic target for Spinal Cord Injury via augmenting autophagy flux and alleviating ER stress[J]. Theranostics, 2020, 10(20): 9280-302.
14	Zhang YP, Chen YE, Li BX, et al. The effect of monotropein on alleviating cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by inhibiting oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 129: 110408.
15	Zhao X, Bausano B, Pike BR, et al. TNF-alpha stimulates caspase-3 activation and apoptotic cell death in primary septo-hippocampal cultures[J]. J Neurosci Res, 2001, 64(2): 121-31.
16	许轶博, 孙洋, 肖林雨, 等. 紫菀酮对小鼠脊髓损伤后神经元凋亡的影响[J]. 中国医学科学院学报, 2023, 45(5): 703-12.
17	Michele Basso D, Fisher LC, Anderson AJ, et al. Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains[J]. J Neurotrauma, 2006, 23(5): 635-59.
18	Wang C, Zhang L, Ndong JC, et al. Progranulin deficiency exacerbates spinal cord injury by promoting neuroinflammation and cell apoptosis in mice[J]. J Neuroinflammation, 2019, 16(1): 238.
19	Xu YB, Geng ZJ, Sun Y, et al. Complanatuside A improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury through inhibiting JNK signaling-mediated microglial activation[J]. Eur J Pharmacol, 2024, 965: 176287.
20	肖林雨, 段婷, 夏勇生, 等. 蒙花苷通过抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路抑制小鼠脊髓损伤后小胶质细胞活化介导的神经炎症和神经元凋亡[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(8): 1589-98.
21	Wu MQ, Lai HB, Peng W, et al. Monotropein: a comprehensive review of biosynthesis, physicochemical properties, pharmaco-kinetics, and pharmacology[J]. Front Pharmacol, 2023, 14: 1109940.
22	Zhang JH, Xin HL, Xu YM, et al. Morinda officinalis How. -A comprehensive review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology[J]. J Ethnopharmacol, 2018, 213: 230-55.
23	邹连勇, 张鸿燕. 巴戟天寡糖抗抑郁作用的研究进展[J]. 中国新药杂志, 2012, 21(16): 1889-91, 1945.
24	Jiang J, Pan H, Shen F, et al. Ketogenic diet alleviates cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation in APP/PS1 mice via the Nrf2/HO-1 and NF-κB signaling pathways[J]. Neural Regen Res, 2023, 18(12): 2767-72 .
25	Ma SF, Chen YJ, Zhang JX, et al. Adoptive transfer of M2 macrophages promotes locomotor recovery in adult rats after spinal cord injury[J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2015, 45: 157-70.
26	Mi XD, Ni CT, Zhao JT, et al. P2Y12 receptor mediates apoptosis and demyelination to affect functional recovery in mice with spinal cord injury[J]. Neurochem Int, 2023, 171: 105641.
27	赵东方, 尉志强, 邢姝琴, 等. 巴戟天对骨关节炎小鼠软骨细胞自噬、凋亡的影响及机制[J]. 新乡医学院学报, 2023, 40(11): 1001-7.
28	Zhu FB, Wang JY, Zhang YL, et al. Mechanisms underlying the antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects of monotropein in hydrogen peroxide-treated osteoblasts[J]. Mol Med Rep, 2016, 14(6): 5377-84.
29	Qian ZY, Chang J, Jiang F, et al. Excess administration of miR-340-5p ameliorates spinal cord injury-induced neuroinflammation and apoptosis by modulating the P38-MAPK signaling pathway[J]. Brain Behav Immun, 2020, 87: 531-42.
30	Singh R, Letai A, Sarosiek K. Regulation of apoptosis in health and disease: the balancing act of BCL-2 family proteins[J]. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2019, 20(3): 175-93.
31	Gabellini C, Trisciuoglio D, Del Bufalo D. Non-canonical roles of bcl-2 and bcl-xL proteins: relevance of BH4 domain[J]. Carcino-genesis, 2017, 38(6): 579-87.
32	Yao RB, Ren LR, Wang SY, et al. Euxanthone inhibits traumatic spinal cord injury via anti-oxidative stress and suppression of p38 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in a rat model[J]. Transl Neurosci, 2021, 12(1): 114-26.
33	Xiao CL, Yin WC, Zhong YC, et al. The role of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in spinal cord injury[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2022, 156: 113881.
34	Cui F, He X. IGF-1 ameliorates streptozotocin-induced pancreatic β cell dysfunction and apoptosis via activating IRS1/PI3K/Akt/FOXO1 pathway[J]. Inflamm Res, 2022, 71(5/6): 669-80.
35	Rong L, Li ZD, Leng X, et al. Salidroside induces apoptosis and protective autophagy in human gastric cancer AGS cells through the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway[J]. Biomed Pharmacother, 2020, 122: 109726.

[1]	董妍妍, 张可敬, 储俊, 储全根. 抵当汤含药血清通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路增强高糖诱导的大鼠肾小球内皮细胞自噬[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(3): 461-469.
[2]	陈镝, 吕莹, 郭怡欣, 张怡荣, 王蕊璇, 周小若, 陈雨欣, 武晓慧. 双氢青蒿素可显著增强阿霉素诱导的三阴性乳腺癌细胞凋亡：基于负向调控STAT3/HIF-1α通路[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(2): 254-260.
[3]	黄菊, 殷丽霞, 牛民主, 耿志军, 左芦根, 李静, 胡建国. 紫花前胡苷通过抑制肠上皮细胞焦亡改善2，4，6-三硝基苯磺酸诱导的小鼠实验性结肠炎[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(2): 261-268.
[4]	徐皓男, 张放, 黄钰莹, 姚其盛, 管悦琴, 陈浩. 百蕊草通过调节肠道菌群和调控EGFR/PI3K/Akt信号通路改善小鼠抗生素相关性腹泻[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(2): 285-295.
[5]	裴月娇, 刘慧敏, 昕宇, 刘波. miR-124通过调控PI3K/AKT信号通路改善睡眠剥夺大鼠认知功能[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(2): 340-346.
[6]	宾禹, 李子雯, 左素微, 孙思诺, 李敏, 宋佳茵, 林旭, 薛刚, 吴靖芳. 载脂蛋白C1高表达通过激活JAK2/STAT3信号通路促进甲状腺乳头状癌细胞的增殖并抑制凋亡[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(2): 359-370.
[7]	蔡巧燕, 许瑶瑶, 林雨星, 林浩伟, 郑俊鹏, 张伟祥, 赵春雨, 林育鹏, 张铃. 清达颗粒通过调控miR-124/STAT3信号轴减轻自发性高血压大鼠脑损伤[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(1): 18-26.
[8]	展俊平, 黄硕, 孟庆良, 范围, 谷慧敏, 崔家康, 王慧莲. 缺氧微环境下补阳还五汤通过抑制BNIP3-PI3K/Akt通路抑制类风湿关节炎滑膜成纤维细胞的线粒体自噬[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(1): 35-42.
[9]	张玉如, 万磊, 方昊翔, 李方泽, 王丽文, 李柯霏, 闫佩文, 姜辉. miR-155-5p介导PIK3R1负调控PI3K/AKT信号通路促进原发性干燥综合征人唾液腺上皮细胞增殖[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2025, 45(1): 65-71.
[10]	左涵珺, 段兆达, 王朝, 郭涛, 石金沙, 石浩龙, 李娟娟. 天麻素经PI3K/AKT通路改善新生大鼠缺氧缺血性脑损伤后小胶质细胞介导的炎症反应[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(9): 1712-1719.
[11]	周雪利, 李华, 陈青宇, 靳美娜, 李海波, 白炜, 贾楚璇, 魏翠英. 慢性间歇低氧和复氧对大鼠胰岛素抵抗及骨骼肌miR-27a-3p/PPARγ/IRS1/PI3K/AKT表达的影响[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(9): 1729-1737.
[12]	张先恒, 刘健, 韩琦, 陈一鸣, 丁香, 陈晓露. 黄芩清热除痹胶囊通过PTEN/PI3K/AKT信号通路改善痛风性关节炎大鼠的炎症反应及尿酸、脂质代谢失衡[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(8): 1450-1458.
[13]	耿志军, 杨晶晶, 牛民主, 刘馨悦, 施金冉, 刘亦珂, 姚新宇, 张雨路, 张小凤, 胡建国. 桑黄酮G通过调控PI3K/AKT/mTOR通路抑制胃癌细胞的生长、迁移和侵袭[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(8): 1476-1484.
[14]	刘硕, 李静, 吴兴旺. Swertiamarin通过抑制肠上皮细胞细胞凋亡改善TNBS诱导的实验性结肠炎[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(8): 1545-1552.
[15]	从小凡, 陈腾, 李硕, 王媛媛, 周龙云, 李小龙, 张配, 孙小锦, 赵素容. 双氢青蒿素通过促进活性氧的产生增强鼻咽癌细胞对顺铂诱导凋亡的敏感性[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2024, 44(8): 1553-1560.

水晶兰苷通过抑制PI3K/AKT信号通路减少神经元凋亡改善脊髓损伤后小鼠的运动功能

Monotropein improves motor function of mice with spinal cord injury by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to suppress neuronal apoptosis

RichHTML

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

图/表 8

参考文献 35

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价