Journal of Southern Medical University ›› 2025, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (2): 213-222.doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.02.01
Xinyan LIU1,2(), Qi FAN3(
), Mingfen DENG1,2, Yan XU1,2, Jing GUO1,2, Ping CAO4,5, Canquan ZHOU1,2, Yanwen XU1,2(
)
Received:
2024-11-06
Accepted:
2024-12-06
Online:
2025-02-20
Published:
2025-03-03
Contact:
Yanwen XU
E-mail:liuxy6@mail.sysu.edu.cn;fanqi1058559207@126.com;xuyanwen@mail.sysu.edu.cn
About author:
First author contact:刘新颜、范 琪共同为第一作者
Supported by:
Xinyan LIU, Qi FAN, Mingfen DENG, Yan XU, Jing GUO, Ping CAO, Canquan ZHOU, Yanwen XU. GGN repeat length of the androgen receptor gene is associated with antral follicle count in Chinese women undergoing controlled ovarian stimulation[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2025, 45(2): 213-222.
Add to citation manager EndNote|Ris|BibTeX
URL: https://www.j-smu.com/EN/10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2025.02.01
Parameters | SS group | SL group | LL group | P value | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | 62 | 58 | 241 | 361 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.9±2.3 | 20.6±2.3 | 21.0±2.6 | 0.447 | 20.9±2.5 |
Female age (years) | 29.8±3.8 | 30.3±3.8 | 30.1±3.7 | 0.700 | 30.1±3.8 |
Menarche age (years) | 13.3±1.6 | 14.0±1.5 | 13.8±1.4 | 0.025 | 13.7±1.5 |
Menstrual cycle (days) | 31.7±7.4 | 30.5±2.5 | 30.4±3.7 | 0.108 | 30.6±4.4 |
No.of previous pregnancies* | 1.0 (0.0-4.0) | 1.0 (0.0-3.0) | 0.0 (0.0-7.0) | 0.349 | 0.0 (0.0-7.0) |
No.of live births* | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.0 (0.0-1.0) | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.855 | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) |
No.of spontaneous abortions* | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.0 (0.0-3.0) | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) | 0.065 | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) |
No.of ectopic pregnancies* | 0.0 (0.0-3.0) | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) | 0.797 | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) |
Years of infertility | 3.2±2.8 | 3.5±2.6 | 3.6±2.8 | 0.738 | 3.5±2.7 |
Education level | 0.812 | ||||
Primary school | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.7%) | 4 (1.1%) | |
Middle/high school | 38 (61.3%) | 38 (65.5%) | 148 (61.4%) | 224 (62.0%) | |
University | 23 (37.1%) | 18 (31.0%) | 84 (34.9%) | 125 (34.6%) | |
Postgraduate | 1 (1.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 5 (2.1%) | 8 (2.2%) | |
Types of infertility | 0.364 | ||||
No infertility | 4 (6.5%) | 6 (10.3%) | 26 (10.8%) | 36 (10.0%) | |
Primary infertility | 29 (46.8%) | 26 (44.8%) | 130 (53.9%) | 185 (51.2%) | |
Secondary infertility | 29 (46.8%) | 26 (44.8%) | 85 (35.3%) | 140 (38.8%) | |
Indicator of IVF | 0.318 | ||||
Infertility/female factors | 11 (17.7%) | 16 (27.6%) | 34 (14.1%) | 61 (16.9%) | |
Infertility/male factors | 19 (30.6%) | 17 (29.3%) | 78 (32.4%) | 114 (31.6%) | |
Infertility/coupled factors | 24 (38.7%) | 17 (29.3%) | 86 (35.7%) | 127 (35.2%) | |
Monogenic diseases | 8 (12.9%) | 8 (13.8%) | 43 (17.8%) | 59 (16.3%) | |
Basal FSH (mIU/mL) | 5.7±1.4 | 5.5±1.4 | 5.5±1.4 | 0.745 | 5.5±1.4 |
Basal LH (mIU/mL) | 4.2±1.9 | 3.8±1.5 | 3.9±2.0 | 0.542 | 3.9±1.9 |
Basal E2 (pg/ml) | 36.1±15.3 | 34.5±12.2 | 38.2±14.4 | 0.154 | 37.3±14.3 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.3±0.1 | 0.3±0.1 | 0.3±0.2 | 0.274 | 0.3±0.1 |
AFC | 12.9±4.4 | 14.4±3.7 | 14.1±4.8 | 0.138 | 13.9±4.6 |
GnRHa protocol | 0.164 | ||||
0.01 | 34 (54.8%) | 41 (70.7%) | 158 (65.6%) | 233 (64.5%) | |
0.01-0.05 | 28 (45.2%) | 17 (29.3%) | 83 (34.4%) | 128 (35.5%) | |
Starting dose of Gn (IU) | 184.9±45.6 | 174.1±39.8 | 182.9±46.8 | 0.358 | 181.8±45.6 |
Stimulation days | 10.2±1.4) | 10.1±1.6 | 10.2±1.6 | 0.963 | 10.2±1.5 |
Total dose of Gn (IU) | 1917.8±680.2 | 1777.9±568.7 | 1890.4±692.4 | 0.453 | 1877.0±671.7 |
No.of retrieved oocytes | 15.5±8.1 | 17.2±6.9 | 15.7±6.6 | 0.286 | 15.9±6.9 |
OSI* | 115.9 (27.6- 662.5) | 104.7 (39.3- 510.0) | 116.7 (33.5-2925.0) | 0.317 | 115.2 (27.6-2925.0) |
FORT | 0.6±0.2 | 0.6±0.2 | 0.6±0.2 | 0.379 | 0.6±0.2 |
Biallelic mean | 19.3±1.4 | 21.4 (0.7) | 22.5±0.2 | <0.001 | 21.8±1.4 |
FSHR genotypes | 0.597 | ||||
C/C | 4 (6.5%) | 6 (10.3%) | 24 (10.0%) | 34 (9.5%) | |
C/T | 27 (43.5%) | 20 (34.5%) | 106 (44.4%) | 153 (42.6%) | |
T/T | 31 (50.0%) | 32 (55.2%) | 109 (45.6%) | 172 (47.9%) |
Tab.1 General clinical characteristics of 361 Chinese women undergoing IVF in groups SS, SL and LL
Parameters | SS group | SL group | LL group | P value | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | 62 | 58 | 241 | 361 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 20.9±2.3 | 20.6±2.3 | 21.0±2.6 | 0.447 | 20.9±2.5 |
Female age (years) | 29.8±3.8 | 30.3±3.8 | 30.1±3.7 | 0.700 | 30.1±3.8 |
Menarche age (years) | 13.3±1.6 | 14.0±1.5 | 13.8±1.4 | 0.025 | 13.7±1.5 |
Menstrual cycle (days) | 31.7±7.4 | 30.5±2.5 | 30.4±3.7 | 0.108 | 30.6±4.4 |
No.of previous pregnancies* | 1.0 (0.0-4.0) | 1.0 (0.0-3.0) | 0.0 (0.0-7.0) | 0.349 | 0.0 (0.0-7.0) |
No.of live births* | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.0 (0.0-1.0) | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.855 | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) |
No.of spontaneous abortions* | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.0 (0.0-3.0) | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) | 0.065 | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) |
No.of ectopic pregnancies* | 0.0 (0.0-3.0) | 0.0 (0.0-2.0) | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) | 0.797 | 0.0 (0.0-4.0) |
Years of infertility | 3.2±2.8 | 3.5±2.6 | 3.6±2.8 | 0.738 | 3.5±2.7 |
Education level | 0.812 | ||||
Primary school | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (1.7%) | 4 (1.1%) | |
Middle/high school | 38 (61.3%) | 38 (65.5%) | 148 (61.4%) | 224 (62.0%) | |
University | 23 (37.1%) | 18 (31.0%) | 84 (34.9%) | 125 (34.6%) | |
Postgraduate | 1 (1.6%) | 2 (3.4%) | 5 (2.1%) | 8 (2.2%) | |
Types of infertility | 0.364 | ||||
No infertility | 4 (6.5%) | 6 (10.3%) | 26 (10.8%) | 36 (10.0%) | |
Primary infertility | 29 (46.8%) | 26 (44.8%) | 130 (53.9%) | 185 (51.2%) | |
Secondary infertility | 29 (46.8%) | 26 (44.8%) | 85 (35.3%) | 140 (38.8%) | |
Indicator of IVF | 0.318 | ||||
Infertility/female factors | 11 (17.7%) | 16 (27.6%) | 34 (14.1%) | 61 (16.9%) | |
Infertility/male factors | 19 (30.6%) | 17 (29.3%) | 78 (32.4%) | 114 (31.6%) | |
Infertility/coupled factors | 24 (38.7%) | 17 (29.3%) | 86 (35.7%) | 127 (35.2%) | |
Monogenic diseases | 8 (12.9%) | 8 (13.8%) | 43 (17.8%) | 59 (16.3%) | |
Basal FSH (mIU/mL) | 5.7±1.4 | 5.5±1.4 | 5.5±1.4 | 0.745 | 5.5±1.4 |
Basal LH (mIU/mL) | 4.2±1.9 | 3.8±1.5 | 3.9±2.0 | 0.542 | 3.9±1.9 |
Basal E2 (pg/ml) | 36.1±15.3 | 34.5±12.2 | 38.2±14.4 | 0.154 | 37.3±14.3 |
Testosterone (ng/mL) | 0.3±0.1 | 0.3±0.1 | 0.3±0.2 | 0.274 | 0.3±0.1 |
AFC | 12.9±4.4 | 14.4±3.7 | 14.1±4.8 | 0.138 | 13.9±4.6 |
GnRHa protocol | 0.164 | ||||
0.01 | 34 (54.8%) | 41 (70.7%) | 158 (65.6%) | 233 (64.5%) | |
0.01-0.05 | 28 (45.2%) | 17 (29.3%) | 83 (34.4%) | 128 (35.5%) | |
Starting dose of Gn (IU) | 184.9±45.6 | 174.1±39.8 | 182.9±46.8 | 0.358 | 181.8±45.6 |
Stimulation days | 10.2±1.4) | 10.1±1.6 | 10.2±1.6 | 0.963 | 10.2±1.5 |
Total dose of Gn (IU) | 1917.8±680.2 | 1777.9±568.7 | 1890.4±692.4 | 0.453 | 1877.0±671.7 |
No.of retrieved oocytes | 15.5±8.1 | 17.2±6.9 | 15.7±6.6 | 0.286 | 15.9±6.9 |
OSI* | 115.9 (27.6- 662.5) | 104.7 (39.3- 510.0) | 116.7 (33.5-2925.0) | 0.317 | 115.2 (27.6-2925.0) |
FORT | 0.6±0.2 | 0.6±0.2 | 0.6±0.2 | 0.379 | 0.6±0.2 |
Biallelic mean | 19.3±1.4 | 21.4 (0.7) | 22.5±0.2 | <0.001 | 21.8±1.4 |
FSHR genotypes | 0.597 | ||||
C/C | 4 (6.5%) | 6 (10.3%) | 24 (10.0%) | 34 (9.5%) | |
C/T | 27 (43.5%) | 20 (34.5%) | 106 (44.4%) | 153 (42.6%) | |
T/T | 31 (50.0%) | 32 (55.2%) | 109 (45.6%) | 172 (47.9%) |
Exposure | Non-adjusted β (95% Cl) | P | Model aβ (95% Cl) | P | Model bβ (95%Cl) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GGN groups | ||||||
SS | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
SL | 1.5 (-0.1, 3.2) | 0.074 | 1.8 (0.2, 3.4) | 0.024 | 1.6 (0.0, 3.1) | 0.047 |
LL | 1.2 (-0.1, 2.5) | 0.073 | 1.5 (0.2, 2.7) | 0.021 | 1.4 (0.2, 2.6) | 0.027 |
Tab.2 Number of AFCs among groups SS, SL and LL
Exposure | Non-adjusted β (95% Cl) | P | Model aβ (95% Cl) | P | Model bβ (95%Cl) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GGN groups | ||||||
SS | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
SL | 1.5 (-0.1, 3.2) | 0.074 | 1.8 (0.2, 3.4) | 0.024 | 1.6 (0.0, 3.1) | 0.047 |
LL | 1.2 (-0.1, 2.5) | 0.073 | 1.5 (0.2, 2.7) | 0.021 | 1.4 (0.2, 2.6) | 0.027 |
Secondary outcomes | Non-adjusted β (95% Cl) | P | Model aβ (95% Cl) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stimulation days | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -0.1 (-0.6, 0.5) | 0.841 | -0.0 (-0.6, 0.6) | 0.996 |
LL | 0.0 (-0.4, 0.4) | 0.981 | 0.0 (-0.4, 0.5) | 0.876 |
Total dose of Gn | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -139.9 (-380.5, 100.8) | 0.255 | -153.7 (-363.0, 55.5) | 0.151 |
LL | -27.3 (-214.9, 160.3) | 0.775 | -61.3 (-224.6, 101.9) | 0.462 |
No.of retrieved oocytes | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | 1.7 (-0.8, 4.2) | 0.178 | 1.7 (-0.9, 4.2) | 0.199 |
SL | 0.2 (-1.7, 2.1) | 0.852 | 0.1 (-1.9, 2.0) | 0.944 |
OSI | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -34.4 (-109.7, 40.9) | 0.371 | -25.2 (-97.6, 47.3) | 0.496 |
LL | 12.1 (-46.5, 70.8) | 0.685 | 8.9 (-47.7, 65.4) | 0.759 |
FORT | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | 0.593 | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.362 |
LL | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.180 | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.145 |
Tab.3 Ovarian response parameters among groups SS, SL and LL
Secondary outcomes | Non-adjusted β (95% Cl) | P | Model aβ (95% Cl) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stimulation days | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -0.1 (-0.6, 0.5) | 0.841 | -0.0 (-0.6, 0.6) | 0.996 |
LL | 0.0 (-0.4, 0.4) | 0.981 | 0.0 (-0.4, 0.5) | 0.876 |
Total dose of Gn | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -139.9 (-380.5, 100.8) | 0.255 | -153.7 (-363.0, 55.5) | 0.151 |
LL | -27.3 (-214.9, 160.3) | 0.775 | -61.3 (-224.6, 101.9) | 0.462 |
No.of retrieved oocytes | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | 1.7 (-0.8, 4.2) | 0.178 | 1.7 (-0.9, 4.2) | 0.199 |
SL | 0.2 (-1.7, 2.1) | 0.852 | 0.1 (-1.9, 2.0) | 0.944 |
OSI | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -34.4 (-109.7, 40.9) | 0.371 | -25.2 (-97.6, 47.3) | 0.496 |
LL | 12.1 (-46.5, 70.8) | 0.685 | 8.9 (-47.7, 65.4) | 0.759 |
FORT | ||||
SS | 0 | 0 | ||
SL | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.1) | 0.593 | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.362 |
LL | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.180 | -0.0 (-0.1, 0.0) | 0.145 |
1 | Walters KA, Allan CM, Handelsman DJ. Androgen actions and the ovary[J]. Biol Reprod, 2008, 78(3): 380-9. DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.107.064089 |
2 | Suzuki T, Sasano H, Kimura N, et al. Immunohistochemical distribution of progesterone, androgen and oestrogen receptors in the human ovary during the menstrual cycle: relationship to expression of steroidogenic enzymes[J]. Hum Reprod, 1994, 9(9): 1589-95. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138757 |
3 | Gleicher N, Weghofer A, Barad DH. The role of androgens in follicle maturation and ovulation induction: friend or foe of infertility treatment[J]? Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2011, 9: 116. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-116 |
4 | Li M, Schatten H, Sun QY. Androgen receptor's destiny in mammalian oocytes: a new hypothesis[J]. Mol Hum Reprod, 2009, 15(3): 149-54. DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap006 |
5 | Yeh S, Tsai MY, Xu QQ, et al. Generation and characterization of androgen receptor knockout (ARKO) mice: an in vivo model for the study of androgen functions in selective tissues[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99(21): 13498-503. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.212474399 |
6 | Hu YC, Wang PH, Yeh S, et al. Subfertility and defective folliculogenesis in female mice lacking androgen receptor[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 2004, 101(31): 11209-14. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0404372101 |
7 | Shiina H, Matsumoto T, Sato T, et al. Premature ovarian failure in androgen receptor-deficient mice[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2006, 103(1): 224-9. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0506736102 |
8 | Walters KA, Allan CM, Jimenez M, et al. Female mice haploinsufficient for an inactivated androgen receptor (AR) exhibit age-dependent defects that resemble the AR null phenotype of dysfunctional late follicle development, ovulation, and fertility[J]. Endocrinology, 2007, 148(8): 3674-84. DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0248 |
9 | Kittles RA, Young D, Weinrich S, et al. Extent of linkage disequilibrium between the androgen receptor gene CAG and GGC repeats in human populations: implications for prostate cancer risk[J]. Hum Genet, 2001, 109(3): 253-61. DOI: 10.1007/s004390100576 |
10 | Gilbert SM, Benson MC, McKiernan JM. Linkage disequilibrium between the androgen receptor gene CAG and GGC repeats in the African-American population[J]. Curr Urol Rep, 2002, 3(3): 189-93. DOI: 10.1007/s11934-002-0063-y |
11 | Irvine RA, Yu MC, Ross RK, et al. The CAG and GGC microsatellites of the androgen receptor gene are in linkage disequilibrium in men with prostate cancer[J]. Cancer Res, 1995, 55(9): 1937-40. |
12 | Henningsson S, Jonsson L, Ljunggren E, et al. Possible association between the androgen receptor gene and autism spectrum disorder[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2009, 34(5): 752-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.12.007 |
13 | Lumbroso R, Beitel LK, Vasiliou DM, et al. Codon-usage variants in the polymorphic (GGN)n trinucleotide repeat of the human androgen receptor gene[J]. Hum Genet, 1997, 101(1): 43-6. DOI: 10.1007/s004390050583 |
14 | Albertelli MA, Scheller A, Brogley M, et al. Replacing the mouse androgen receptor with human alleles demonstrates glutamine tract length-dependent effects on physiology and tumorigenesis in mice[J]. Mol Endocrinol, 2006, 20(6): 1248-60. DOI: 10.1210/me.2006-0021 |
15 | Davis-Dao CA, Tuazon ED, Sokol RZ, et al. Male infertility and variation in CAG repeat length in the androgen receptor gene: a meta-analysis[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007, 92(11): 4319-26. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1110 |
16 | Qin ZQ, Li X, Han P, et al. Association between polymorphic CAG repeat lengths in the androgen receptor gene and susceptibility to prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. Medicine, 2017, 96(25): e7258. DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007258 |
17 | Gao T, Marcelli M, McPhaul MJ. Transcriptional activation and transient expression of the human androgen receptor[J]. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol, 1996, 59(1): 9-20. DOI: 10.1016/s0960-0760(96)00097-0 |
18 | Grigorova M, Punab M, Kahre T, et al. The number of CAG and GGN triplet repeats in the Androgen Receptor gene exert combinatorial effect on hormonal and sperm parameters in young men[J]. Andrology, 2017, 5(3): 495-504. DOI: 10.1111/andr.12344 |
19 | Moghadam M, Khatami SR, Galehdari H. Association of androgen receptor GGN repeat length polymorphism and male infertility in Khuzestan, Iran[J]. Iran J Reprod Med, 2015, 13(5): 305-10. |
20 | Han TT, Ran J, Ding XP, et al. Cytogenetic and molecular analysis of infertile Chinese men: karyotypic abnormalities, Y-chromosome microdeletions, and CAG and GGN repeat polymorphisms in the androgen receptor gene[J]. Genet Mol Res, 2013, 12(3): 2215-26. DOI: 10.4238/2013.july.8.3 |
21 | Zhang C, Dang J, Xu H, et al. Associations between androgen receptor CAG & GGN repeat polymorphism & recurrent spontaneous abortions in Chinese women[J]. Indian J Med Res, 2014, 139(5): 730-6. |
22 | Suter NM, Malone KE, Daling JR, et al. Androgen receptor (CAG)n and (GGC)n polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of young women[J]. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2003, 12(2): 127-35. |
23 | Lledó B, Llácer J, Turienzo A, et al. Androgen receptor CAG repeat length is associated with ovarian reserve but not with ovarian response[J]. Reprod Biomed Online, 2014, 29(4): 509-15. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.06.012 |
24 | Yuan C, Gao C, Qian Y, et al. Polymorphism of CAG and GGN repeats of androgen receptor gene in women with polycystic ovary syndrome[J]. Reprod Biomed Online, 2015, 31(6): 790-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.09.007 |
25 | Panda B, Rao L, Tosh D, et al. Germline study of AR gene of Indian women with ovarian failure[J]. Gynecol Endocrinol, 2011, 27(8): 572-8. DOI: 10.3109/09513590.2010.507282 |
26 | Broekmans FJ, de Ziegler D, Howles CM, et al. The antral follicle count: practical recommendations for better standardization[J]. Fertil Steril, 2010, 94(3): 1044-51. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.040 |
27 | Biasoni V, Patriarca A, Dalmasso P, et al. Ovarian sensitivity index is strongly related to circulating AMH and may be used to predict ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in IVF[J]. Reprod Biol Endocrinol, 2011, 9: 112. DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-112 |
28 | Gallot V, Berwanger da Silva AL, Genro V, et al. Antral follicle responsiveness to follicle-stimulating hormone administration assessed by the Follicular Output RaTe (FORT) may predict in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer outcome[J]. Hum Reprod, 2012, 27(4): 1066-72. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/der479 |
29 | Dewailly D, Robin G, Peigne M, et al. Interactions between androgens, FSH, anti-Müllerian hormone and estradiol during folliculogenesis in the human normal and polycystic ovary[J]. Hum Reprod Update, 2016, 22(6): 709-24. DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmw027 |
30 | Yang JL, Zhang CP, Li L, et al. Testosterone induces redistribution of forkhead box-3a and down-regulation of growth and differentiation factor 9 messenger ribonucleic acid expression at early stage of mouse folliculogenesis[J]. Endocrinology, 2010, 151(2): 774-82. DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-0751 |
31 | Pan JX, Zhang JY, Ke ZH, et al. Androgens as double-edged swords: induction and suppression of follicular development[J]. Hormones, 2015, 14(2): 190-200. DOI: 10.14310/horm.2002.1580 |
32 | Fábregues F, Peñarrubia J, Creus M, et al. Transdermal testosterone may improve ovarian response to gonadotrophins in low-responder IVF patients: a randomized, clinical trial[J]. Hum Reprod, 2009, 24(2): 349-59. DOI: 10.1093/humrep/den428 |
33 | Adachi M, Takayanagi R, Tomura A, et al. Androgen-insensitivity syndrome as a possible coactivator disease[J]. N Engl J Med, 2000, 343(12): 856-62. DOI: 10.1056/nejm200009213431205 |
34 | Holte J, Brodin T, Berglund L, et al. Antral follicle counts are strongly associated with live-birth rates after assisted reproduction, with superior treatment outcome in women with polycystic ovaries[J]. Fertil Steril, 2011, 96(3): 594-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.06.071 |
35 | Moon KY, Kim H, Lee JY, et al. Nomogram to predict the number of oocytes retrieved in controlled ovarian stimulation[J]. Clin Exp Reprod Med, 2016, 43(2): 112-8. DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2016.43.2.112 |
36 | Lavery DN, McEwan IJ. Functional characterization of the native NH2-terminal transactivation domain of the human androgen receptor: binding kinetics for interactions with TFIIF and SRC-1a[J]. Biochemistry, 2008, 47(11): 3352-9. DOI: 10.1021/bi702220p |
37 | McEwan IJ. Androgen receptor modulators: a marriage of chemistry and biology[J]. Future Med Chem, 2013, 5(10): 1109-20. DOI: 10.4155/fmc.13.69 |
38 | Burris TP, Solt LA, Wang YJ, et al. Nuclear receptors and their selective pharmacologic modulators[J]. Pharmacol Rev, 2013, 65(2): 710-78. DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.006833 |
39 | Ahmad AK, Kao CN, Quinn M, et al. Differential rate in decline in ovarian reserve markers in women with polycystic ovary syndrome compared with control subjects: results of a longitudinal study[J]. Fertil Steril, 2018, 109(3): 526-31. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.11.012 |
40 | Jayaprakasan K, Campbell B, Hopkisson J, et al. A prospective, comparative analysis of anti-Müllerian hormone, inhibin-B, and three-dimensional ultrasound determinants of ovarian reserve in the prediction of poor response to controlled ovarian stimulation[J]. Fertil Steril, 2010, 93(3): 855-64. DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.042 |
41 | Aruna M, Dasgupta S, Sirisha PV, et al. Role of androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and X-inactivation in the manifestation of recurrent spontaneous abortions in Indian women[J]. PLoS One, 2011, 6(3): e17718. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017718 |
42 | Zito A, Davies MN, Tsai PC, et al. Heritability of skewed X-inactivation in female twins is tissue-specific and associated with age[J]. Nat Commun, 2019, 10(1): 5339. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13340-w |
43 | Tukiainen T, Villani AC, Yen A, et al. Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues[J]. Nature, 2017, 550(7675): 244-8. DOI: 10.1038/nature24265 |
44 | Godler DE, Inaba Y, Schwartz CE, et al. Detection of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in Fragile X syndrome and X chromosome aneuploidy using quantitative melt analysis[J]. Expert Rev Mol Med, 2015, 17: e13. DOI: 10.1017/erm.2015.11 |
Viewed | ||||||
Full text |
|
|||||
Abstract |
|
|||||