Abstract: Objective To construct three-dimensional (3D) models of renal stones and perform percutaneous nephrolithotomy
(PCNL) virtual surgery simulation. Methods CT images were obtained from 8 patients with renal stones. Images segmentation
and reconstruction were performed using MIMICS 10.0 software to construct the 3D model of the renal stones, which provided
the anatomical relationships between the kidney and the adjacent organs. The optimal PCNL virtual surgery simulation for
each individual case was performed using FreeForm Modeling System on the basis of the 3D model. Results Eight 3D models
of renal stone were constructed. The 3D model of the renal stones represented the interrelationships of the stones, intrarenal
vessel, and the collecting system with the adjacent anatomical structures. Individualized PCNL virtual surgery simulations
including percutaneous puncture, dilatation and pneumatic lithotripsy were performed successfully in all the 8 3D models.
Conclusion Digital 3D model of renal stone provides the reliable and comprehensive imaging information for surgical design,
and PCNL virtual surgery simulation has important clinical significance to improve the stone clearance rate and reduce the
surgical complications.