Abstract: Objective To assess the value of perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (PWMRI) in monitoring vascularization in tissue-engineered bone graft. Methods Tibial diaphyseal defect of 20 mm was induced in 25 lower limbs of 13 rhesuses and fixed with an AO reconstruction plate with 7 holes. The monkeys were randomized into 5 groups according to the materials used for defect filling: group A, with β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP), bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and blood vessel bundles; group B, with β-TCP and blood vessel bundles; group C, with β-TCP and BMSCs; group D, with β-TCP, and group E without filling. PWMRI, X-ray, and radionuclide imaging were carried out at weeks 4, 8, 12 postoperatively. The maximum slope rates of the single intensity-time curve (SSmax) and the baseline values (SIbaseline) on the same time points were calculated. Transmittances on the X-ray films and isotope counts in the region of interest (ROI) were assessed and calculated. Results Compared with other groups, group A showed the highest SSmax at weeks 4, 8, and 12 postoperatively, and its SSmax at week 8 was significantly higher than that at week 4 (P=0.003). The SSmax was positively related to isotope counts in ROI at week 8 after operation (rs=0.899, P=0.038), and inversely related to transmittance on X-ray films at week 12 (rs=-0.892, P=0.042). Conclusion The SSmax of the single intensity-time curve can accurately reflect the vascularization of the tissue-engineered bone graft, and PWMRI allows sensitive, quantitative, noninvasive and radiation-free vascularization monitoring.