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  南方医科大学学报  2020, Vol. 40Issue (3): 388-393  DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.17.
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陈曦, 刘璐瑶, 张旭, 陆春雪, 陈利, 全淑芬, 陈丽丽. 肿瘤坏死因子α在抗鼠衣原体生殖道感染过程中的作用[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2020, 40(3): 388-393. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.17.
CHEN Xi, LIU Luyao, ZHANG Xu, LU Chunxue, CHEN Li, QUAN Shufen, CHEN Lili. Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in Chlamydia Muridarum infection in the urogenital tract of mice[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2020, 40(3): 388-393. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.03.17.

基金项目

湖南省教育厅一般项目(18C0457);湖南省大学生创新创业训练计划项目(2335);衡阳市重点实验室项目(2018KJ110)

作者简介

陈曦,硕士研究生,E-mail: 404156324@qq.com

通信作者

陈丽丽,教授,硕士导师,E-mail: chlili720612@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-08-17
肿瘤坏死因子α在抗鼠衣原体生殖道感染过程中的作用
陈曦 1,2, 刘璐瑶 1,2, 张旭 1,2, 陆春雪 3, 陈利 1,2, 全淑芬 1,2, 陈丽丽 1     
1. 南华大学公共卫生学院,湖南 衡阳 421001;
2. 衡阳市健康危害因子检验检疫新技术研究重点实验室,湖南 衡阳 421001;
3. 南华大学医学院,湖南 衡阳 421001
摘要: 目的 探讨肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)在抗衣原体感染免疫以及介导衣原体生殖道病理损伤过程中的作用。方法 以5~6周龄雌性C57BL/6J野生型小鼠及TNF-αR基因敲除小鼠为研究对象,野生型和TNF-αR基因敲除两组各15只小鼠,经生殖道感染1×104包涵体形成单位的鼠衣原体,初次感染后第56天,每组8只小鼠再次感染同等剂量的鼠衣原体。每隔3~4 d取小鼠生殖道分泌物用于衣原体包涵体数目的检测。于初次感染后第80天处死小鼠,收集小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,并分离生殖道和脾脏。观察输卵管和子宫角病理损伤程度,并采用盲法对管腔扩张以及炎性细胞浸润程度进行半定量分析;测定小鼠巨噬细胞培养上清中的IL-6、IL-8、IL-1α、IL-1β和TNF-α等前炎症因子水平;制备脾细胞悬液,体外经衣原体EB刺激后检测其产生的IL-4、IL-5、IL-17和IFN-γ等细胞因子水平。结果 TNF-αR基因敲除组生殖道衣原体清除速度与野生型组基本一致,与初次感染或再次感染无关;两组小鼠子宫角和输卵管的炎症程度差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05),但TNF-αR基因敲除组输卵管水肿程度明显低于野生型组(P < 0.05)。腹腔巨噬细胞细胞因子检测结果显示,TNF-αR基因敲除小鼠的TNF-α水平高于野生型小鼠(P < 0.05);脾细胞细胞因子水平显示,两组小鼠脾细胞均产生较高水平的IFN-γ,TNF-αR基因敲除小鼠产生的IL-17细胞因子水平低于野生型小鼠(P < 0.05)。结论 TNF-α对小鼠生殖道清除鼠衣原体感染无影响,但可促进鼠衣原体引起的生殖道炎症病理损伤。
关键词: 鼠衣原体    肿瘤坏死因子α    泌尿生殖道感染    基因敲除    
Role of tumor necrosis factor-α in Chlamydia Muridarum infection in the urogenital tract of mice
CHEN Xi 1,2, LIU Luyao 1,2, ZHANG Xu 1,2, LU Chunxue 3, CHEN Li 1,2, QUAN Shufen 1,2, CHEN Lili 1     
1. School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
2. Hengyang Key Laboratory for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, Hengyang 421001, China;
3. School of Medical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the role of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in immune response to urogenital chlamydial infection and urogenital pathology in mice. Methods Fifteen female wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice and 15 TNF-α receptor knockout (TNF-αR KO) mice were inoculated intravaginally with 1×104 inclusion forming units (IFUs) of live C. muridarum. At 56 days after the first inoculation, 8 mice from each group were subjected to a second inoculation at the same dose. Vaginal swabs were taken every 3 or 4 days to detect the number of inclusion bodies of chlamydia. On day 80 after the first inoculation, the mice were euthanized and peritoneal macrophages were collected and the vaginal tract and spleen were dissected. The pathologies in the fallopian tube and the uterine horn were observed and the severity of inflammatory cell infiltration and lumen dilatation were semi-quantitatively scored. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α in the supernatant of the peritoneal macrophage were detected. Spleen cell suspension was prepared, and after stimulation with chlamydia EB in vitro, the levels of the cytokines including IL-4, IL-5, IL-17 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) were determined in the cells. Results The clearance rate of Chlamydia from the urogenital tract was similar between TNF-αR KO mice and WT mice regardless of the primary or second infection. The severity of inflammation in the fallopian tube and the uterine horn did not differ significantly between the two groups, but TNF-αR KO mice had significantly milder dilation of the fallopian tubes (P < 0.05). The peritoneal macrophages from TNF-αR KO mice produced a significantly higher level of TNF-α than those from WT mice (P < 0.05); the spleen cells from the two groups both produced high levels of IFN-γ, but IL-17 production by the spleen cells was significantly lower in TNF-αR KO mice than in WT mice (P < 0.05). Conclusion TNF-α is not associated with protective immune response against C. muridarum infection, and can worsen the inflammatory damages of the urogenital tract caused by C. muridarum in mice.
Keywords: Chlamydia muridarum    tumor necrosis factor-α    urogenital tract infection    gene knockout    

沙眼衣原体可感染泌尿生殖道导致非淋球菌性尿道炎,并可引起严重的并发症,如不孕、异位妊娠、宫颈鳞状细胞癌、增加HIV感染机率等[1-4]。因此,对沙眼衣原体致病机制的研究变得尤为重要。目前沙眼衣原体鼠生物型现被划分为一新的衣原体种,即鼠衣原体(Cm),由于其引起的鼠泌尿生殖道感染和沙眼衣原体引起的人类泌尿生殖道感染极为相似,故目前Cm鼠生殖道感染模型常被用于探索沙眼衣原体的免疫保护作用以及其病理损伤机制[5-6]

大量的中性粒细胞在炎症部位聚集是急性衣原体感染的早期特征,涉及多环节诱导产生的免疫介质网络;TNF-α是由活化的巨噬细胞或单核细胞产生的一种前炎症细胞因子,可明显增强中性粒细胞和巨噬细胞的吞噬活性,并且促进抗原提呈细胞成熟,在宿主防御微生物感染中发挥重要作用[7-9]。有研究发现Cm急性感染可诱导小鼠生殖道局部分泌大量TNF-α,并在第7天达高峰[10]。小鼠生殖道感染Cm后,注射外源性TNF-α抗体中和小鼠体内产生的TNF-α或敲除TNF-α基因,均可显著减轻小鼠输卵管病理损伤的严重程度[11]。有文献报道约80%的生殖道或呼吸道感染沙眼衣原体的女性外周血中TNF-α水平显著增高[12]。研究显示,沙眼衣原体生殖道感染者输卵管病理损伤加重与TNF-α水平升高有关,而阻断TNF-α的产生,输卵管粘膜的损伤程度大大减轻[13]。Kamalakaran等[14]发现TNF-α缺失不影响小鼠对衣原体的清除,但可减轻小鼠生殖道病理损伤程度。

虽然TNF-α与衣原体感染的关系已有报道,但均为从TNF-α的表达,用TNF-α中和抗体或使用TNF-α基因敲除小鼠模型进行研究,而TNF-α通过与细胞膜表面的TNF受体(包括TNFR1和TNFR2)特异性结合而发挥生物学功能,若TNF-α受体缺失可阻断TNF-α生物学效应的发挥。那么TNF-αR基因敲除(KO)后对衣原体感染是否会有类似的作用呢?有研究认为,与野生型(WT)小鼠比较,TNFR1、TNFR2和TNFR1/2双敲除后对衣原体清除速率均没有影响,但可显著减轻输卵管的水肿程度[15]。但评价沙眼衣原体对生殖道的损伤主要包括输卵管和子宫的炎性病变和积水水肿。因此,本研究利用TNF-αR KO小鼠,经生殖道感染Cm后,重点评估其对输卵管和子宫的炎性病变和积水水肿损伤程度,以进一步揭示TNF-α在鼠衣原体生殖道感染中的作用,为衣原体感染靶向辅助治疗提供理论依据。

1 材料和方法 1.1 材料 1.1.1 实验动物

5~6周龄雌性C57BL/6JWT小鼠及TNF-αR KO小鼠各15只(美国Jackson实验室,Bar Harbor, Maine)。

1.1.2 菌株及试剂

C. muridarum(Cm, Nigg株)由实验室传代保存。HeLa细胞(美国标准菌株保存中心,ATCC)。IL-4、IL-5、IL-17、IFN-γ、IL-6、IL-8、IL-1α、IL-1β和TNF-α等细胞因子检测试剂盒(Minneapolis);Depo-provera(Pharmacia)。

1.2 方法 1.2.1 小鼠生殖道衣原体感染模型制备

C57BL/6J WT和TNF-αR KO小鼠各15只,均经阴道接种1× 104 IFUs的Cm,初次感染后第56天,每组8只小鼠再次感染同等剂量的Cm。在初次和再次感染前5 d,皮下注射2.5 mg Depo-provera,用于提高小鼠对衣原体感染的敏感程度。在感染后第80天处死小鼠,分离生殖道,并收集脾细胞。

1.2.2 小鼠生殖道中衣原体数目检测

每组小鼠经阴道感染Cm后,每隔3~4 d收集阴道分泌物,将其置于500 μL SPG中充分混匀,进行梯度稀释,取合适稀释度的悬液感染单层HeLa细胞,在5% CO2培养箱内培养24 h,进行荧光抗体染色。弃培养板中的旧培养基,PBS洗2次;4%多聚甲醛室温固定30 min后,再用2% Saponion处理30 min,室温封闭1 h,兔抗Cm多克隆抗体37 ℃孵育1 h,充分洗涤后,加入二抗混合液(含1:100羊抗兔IgG-Cy3、1:1000 Hoechst细胞核DNA染液),37 ℃避光孵育1 h,PBS洗涤5次,浸泡2 min/次,弃洗液。封片,在荧光显微镜下,随机计数5个视野IFU数量并取平均值,然后换算成log10 IFUs来计算每组小鼠的均数和标准差。

1.2.3 小鼠生殖道病理损伤检测

分离小鼠子宫、卵巢和输卵管,10%甲醛固定后制成切片,H & E染色,盲法对其炎症反应和管腔扩张程度进行评分,判定病变情况[16]

1.2.4 巨噬细胞上清中的细胞因子水平测定

小鼠处死后,注射4~5 mL预冷的PBS缓冲溶液于小鼠腹腔中。轻柔按压后慢慢抽取腹腔液。用RPMI 1640培养基(含10%小牛血清、10 μg/mL庆大霉素)调整细胞浓度并接种至48孔板中,5% CO2培养箱孵育2 h,然后用PBS洗去未贴壁细胞,RPMI 1640培养过夜,制备单层巨噬细胞,每孔用感染复数(MOI)为5的Cm进行感染,5%CO2培养箱内培养48 h,取上清,根据试剂盒说明书ELISA法检测IL-6、IL-8、IL-1α、IL-1β和TNF-α等细胞因子水平。

1.2.5 脾细胞上清中细胞因子水平测定

无菌配置含10 μg/mL庆大霉素的DMEM(D0)和含10%小牛血清的DMEM(D10)。在操作台中无菌取小鼠脾脏,制备匀浆,并用D0漂洗于10 mL的离心管中,再加5 mL红细胞裂解液,充分混匀,室温静置5 min,1500 r/min离心5 min;去上清,用D10重悬沉淀,1000 r/min离心5 min;弃上清,加3 mL D10,混匀后制成细胞悬液,调整细胞数为1×106/mL,1 mL/孔接种至24孔细胞培养板中,5% CO2培养箱内24 h,细胞贴壁后其中一孔加紫外线灭活的Cm EB,同时设一孔不加衣原体为对照。5% CO2培养箱内培养72 h,取上清,根据试剂盒操作要求,ELISA检测IL-4、IL-5、IL-17和IFN-γ等细胞因子水平。

1.3 统计学分析

采用双侧t检验(Two-tailed Student' t test)比较分析两组间的IFU、各细胞因子水平及病理评分结果;用Fisher's exact test比较分析子宫角与输卵管水肿程度统计数据。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 TNF-αR敲除对小鼠生殖道衣原体清除速度的影响

检测TNF-αR KO和WT小鼠生殖道中Cm数量,发现TNF-αR KO小鼠生殖道衣原体清除速度与WT小鼠基本一致,与初次感染或再次感染无关。再次感染后,小鼠生殖道中包涵体数量较首次感染均减少1000倍左右,且包涵体存在时间缩短(图 1)。

图 1 TNF-αR基因敲除对小鼠生殖道衣原体清除速度的影响 Fig.1 Effect of TNF-αR knockout on clearance of Chlamydia muridarum from the urogenital tract of mice. IFU+: Number of mice with detectable IFUs. Total: Number of mice infected with C. muridarum.
2.2 TNF-αR敲除对小鼠生殖道病理反应的影响

初次感染后第80天分离生殖道组织,甲醛固定,H & E染色后,镜下观察到病变子宫角和输卵管粘膜柱状上皮细胞呈矮柱状且管壁增厚,而病变严重时出现管腔变窄甚至堵塞的现象,部分管腔变大且较多浆细胞和淋巴细胞浸润(图 2A)。对其生殖道组织的管腔扩张以及炎性细胞浸润程度进行半定量分析,结果发现两组小鼠子宫角和输卵管的炎症程度差异没有统计学意义(P>0.05),但TNF-αR KO小鼠输卵管水肿程度明显低于WT组(图 2BP < 0.05)。

图 2 TNF-αR基因敲除对生殖道病理损伤的影响 Fig.2 Effect of TNF-αR knockout on uterine horn and fallopian tube pathology in mice following intravaginal C. muridium infection. A: HE staining of the urogenital tract tissues (Original magnification: ×200). a and c show extensive infiltration by mononuclear cells and dilatation of the fallopian tube and uterine horn cavity in WT mice. b and d show the uterine horns or fallopian tubes of TNF-αR KO mice; B: Semi-quantitative scores for inflammation and lumen dilatation of both the uterine horns and fallopian tubes. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs WT.
2.3 TNF-αR敲除对巨噬细胞早期炎症细胞因子产生的影响

取小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞,MOI=5的Cm感染后,ELISA检测结果显示,两组小鼠的IL-6、IL-8、IL-1α和IL-1β水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而TNF-αR KO小鼠产生的TNF-α水平高于WT小鼠(P < 0.01,图 3)。

图 3 TNF-αR基因敲除对巨噬细胞细胞因子产生的影响 Fig.3 Cytokine production by cultured peritoneal macrophages collected from wild-type and TNF-αR knockout mice 24 h after urogenital C. muridarum infection. The concentrations of the cytokines IL-6, IL-8, IL-1α, IL-1β and TNF-α in the culture supernatant were detected using ELISA. The level of TNF-α produced by the macrophages was significantly higher in TNF-αR KO mice than in WT mice (**P < 0.01 vs WT).
2.4 TNF-αR敲除对脾细胞因子产生的影响

无论是初次感染还是再次感染,经衣原体再次刺激后,两组小鼠脾细胞均产生较高水平的IFN-γ,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);WT小鼠产生较高水平的IL-17,明显高于TNF-αR KO小鼠(P < 0.05);IL-4未检测到(图 4)。

图 4 TNF-αR基因敲除对脾细胞细胞因子产生的影响 Fig.4 Cytokine production in response to UV-inactivated chlamydial stimulation in vitro for 72 h in the splenocytes collected from WT and TNF-αR KO mice 80 days after intravaginal infection with C. muridarum. IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-4 and IL-5 in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. The levels of IL-17 in spleen lymphocytes are higher in WT mice than in TNF-αR KO mice regardless of the primary or a second infection. IL-4 could not be detected. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 vs WT mice.
3 讨论

生殖道衣原体感染急性期炎症反应过程中可诱导促炎细胞因子产生和释放,清除病原体同时可能导致病理损伤[17-18]。TNF-α作为机体重要的细胞因子,不仅可以上调黏附分子,协助白细胞血管渗出,还可以促进IL-6、IL-8等细胞因子表达,与组织纤维化以及瘢痕的形成有一定关系[19-21]。TNF-α通过与细胞膜表面的TNF受体特异性结合而发挥生物学功能。本研究显示,TNF-αR KO和WT小鼠均能在初次感染后28 d或再次感染后1周左右清除衣原体,带菌时间无明显差异,说明抵御生殖道Cm感染,不完全依赖TNF-α介导的免疫反应,与文献报道的结果一致[14]。TNF-α可促进宿主细胞凋亡,对衣原体的生长发育有一定的干扰作用,在机体清除衣原体中起关键作用[22-24]。而本文结果显示,清除Cm感染不依赖于TNF-α,可能与衣原体的清除还依赖于其他细胞因子协同发挥作用有关。如文献报道,IFN-γ、IL-17等细胞因子在宿主防御衣原体感染的过程中也发挥着重要作用[25-27]

虽然TNF-αR与小鼠生殖道清除Cm感染无关,但生殖道病理反应结果显示,TNF-αR基因敲除后对子宫角和输卵管的炎症程度无明显影响,却可显著降低小鼠输卵管的水肿程度。这一结果与其他文献报道一致[11, 14-15]。原因可能为衣原体感染可引起宿主细胞产生TNF-α,通过刺激组织成纤维细胞增生,加快释放胶原酶,引起组织病理损伤,而由于TNF-αR缺失,TNF-α介导的免疫损伤无法正常发挥作用。

文献报道IFN-γ是抗衣原体感染的主要细胞因子之一[25-26, 28-29],本研究两组小鼠脾细胞体外经UV-Cm EB再刺激后,均产生较高水平的IFN-γ,差异无统计学意义,与两组小鼠清除衣原体的速度没有区别相呼应。而WT小鼠脾细胞产生的IL-17细胞因子水平明显高于TNF-αR KO小鼠。IL-17主要由辅助性Th17细胞分泌,除具有保护性免疫功能外,高表达的IL-17还可以诱导炎症细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α)和趋化因子到达炎症部位,引起炎性细胞浸润和组织破坏,导致组织病理损伤[30-32]。TNF-αR KO小鼠病理损伤程度减轻,可能也与IL-17依赖的TH17型免疫反应水平较低有关。

综上所述,本文通过鼠衣原体感染小鼠模型,体内实验进一步证实了TNF-α在衣原体感染过程中的作用,发现抗衣原体感染不完全依赖TNF-α介导的免疫反应,但TNF-α可介导Cm引起的生殖道病理损伤。

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