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  南方医科大学学报  2020, Vol. 40Issue (2): 274-278  DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.21.
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郑小芳, 吴黎明. 细胞色素P4502C19基因检测对稳定性心绞痛患者左主干介入术后抗血小板治疗的指导价值[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2020, 40(2): 274-278. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.21.
ZHENG Xiaofang, WU Liming. The value of cytochrome P4502C19 gene assay for anti-platelet therapy after PCI in stable angina patients with left main coronary artery lesions[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2020, 40(2): 274-278. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.02.21.

作者简介

郑小芳,硕士,住院医师,E-mail: zhengxiaofang66@qq.com

通信作者

吴黎明,教授,硕士导师,E-mail: wuliming0808@126.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2019-08-06
细胞色素P4502C19基因检测对稳定性心绞痛患者左主干介入术后抗血小板治疗的指导价值
郑小芳 1, 吴黎明 2     
1. 福建医科大学附属第三医院心内科,福建 福州 350108;
2. 福建医科大学附属协和医院心内科,福建 福州 350001
摘要: 目的 对复杂冠状动脉左主干病变且细胞色素P4502C19(CYP2C19)基因为中间代谢的稳定性心绞痛患者,评价其经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后给予不同抗血小板治疗方案的有效性及安全性。方法 回顾性分析2015年2月~2017年2月福建医科大学附属协和医院心内科收治的行择期左主干PCI术且CYP2C19基因型检测为中间代谢型的稳定性心绞痛患者247例, 根据服用药物分为氯吡格雷组152例(阿司匹林+氯吡格雷组),替格瑞洛组95例(阿司匹林+替格瑞洛)。2组术前均给予阿司匹林+氯吡格雷各300 mg口服;替格瑞洛组术后给予替格瑞洛维持剂量90 mg口服,2次/d;氯吡格雷组术后给予氯吡格雷维持剂量75 mg口服,1次/d;2组术后阿司匹林维持剂量100 mg口服,1次/d。观察术后12个月内主要不良心血管事件(MACE)发生情况。结果 术后12个月时,替格瑞洛组MACE发生率明显低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(2.1% vs 15.1%,P=0.001);2组非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄、再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。两组出血发生率无明显差异(P > 0.05)。结论 对于复杂冠状动脉左主干病变且CYP2C19基因为中间代谢的稳定性心绞痛患者,PCI术后使用阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛抗血小板治疗获益明显,较阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷能进一步降低MACE发生率,并不增加出血风险。
关键词: 稳定性心绞痛    PCI术    抗血小板治疗    CYP2C19基因    
The value of cytochrome P4502C19 gene assay for anti-platelet therapy after PCI in stable angina patients with left main coronary artery lesions
ZHENG Xiaofang 1, WU Liming 2     
1. Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
2. Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, China
Abstract: Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different antiplatelet therapies for stable angina patients with complicated left main coronary artery lesions and intermediate metabolizer Cytochrome P450 2C19 gene (CYP2C19) undergoing PCI. Methods A total of 247 patients diagnosed with stable angina in cardiology department of Fujian union hospital from February 2015 to February 2017 were retrospectively analyzed, among them, the elective PCI were performed on the left main coronary artery and the CYP2C19 gene poly-morphism were intermediate metabolize, they were divided into ticagrelor treatment group(aspirin combined with ticagrelor, n=95)and clopidogrel treatment group(aspirin combined with clopidogrel, n=152) according to the different antiplatelet treatment programs. Both groups were given aspirin 300 mg and clopidogrel 300 mg orally before PCI; the ticagrelor group were given the maintenance dose of ticagrelor (90 mg orally, twice a day) after PCI, while those in clopidogrel group were clopidogrel 75 mg orally (once a day) after PCI; both groups were given the maintenance dose of aspirin (100 mg orally, once a day)after PCI. The major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) were observed within 12 months after PCI. Results At 12 months after PCI, the incidence of MACE in the ticagrelor treatment group was significantly lower than that in the clopidogrel treatment group, the difference was statistically significant (2.1% vs 15.1%, P=0.001).There were no significant differences between the two groups in the restenosis rates of non- revascularized target vessel, recurrent rates of angina pectoris(but not myocardial infarction), recurrent rates of myocardial infarction, and revascularization rates of target vessel (P > 0.05). There were also no significant differences between the two groups in bleeding. Conclusion For stable angina patients with complicated left main coronary artery lesions and intermediate metabolizer CYP2C19 gene, aspirin combined with ticagrelor antiplatelet therapy after PCI is effective, the effect of ticagrelor is better than clopidogrel on MACE, and ticagrelor does not seem to increase the risk of bleeding.
Keywords: stable angina pectoris    PCI    antiplatelet therapy    CYP2C19 gene    

冠心病是我国近年来心血管内科的常见病、多发病,发病率逐年增高。PCI是冠心病的一种重要的治疗手段,随着PCI技术成熟及广泛临床应用,极大的缓解并改善了冠心病患者的临床症状及预后;但PCI术后支架内血栓形成仍是其少见却严重、甚至危及生命的并发症之一。当前所有指南均推荐,支架内血栓的重要预防措施之一就是术前及术后充分双联抗血小板治疗[1-3]。阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷是国人主要使用的双联抗血小板治疗经典方案。但中国急性冠状动脉综合征研究及PLATO研究显示,细胞色素P4502C19(CYP2C19)功能缺失与氯吡格雷治疗中的血小板低反应性相关,能增加接受药物洗脱支架的急性冠状动脉综合征患者血栓性不良事件(心血管死亡、心肌梗死、支架血栓和缺血性脑卒中)风险,替格瑞洛疗效优于氯吡格雷;因此,指南推荐对急性冠状动脉综合征合并复杂冠状动脉病变患者及已知CYP2C19慢代谢患者,首选阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛[4-7]。但对于非急性冠状动脉综合征及CYP2C19中间代谢的高危冠状动脉病变患者,择期PCI术后选择阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷是否影响患者的疗效,国内外尚缺乏相关的研究。本研究通过对择期行左主干或左前降支近端开口支架置入的CYP2C19基因型为中等代谢型的稳定性心绞痛患者,应用氯吡格雷或替格瑞洛后主要不良心血管事件(MACE)及支架内血栓发生率的比较,为该类患者的双联抗血小板治疗方案的确定提供指导。

1 资料和方法 1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析2015年2月~2017年2月就诊福建医科大学附属协和医院心内科的稳定性心绞痛且左主干或左主干末端累及左前降支近端开口病变接受择期PCI术的患者502例,其中,CYP2C19基因型检测为中间代谢型的患者247例,男性213例,女性34例,年龄60~85(69.20±5.31)岁,术后使用阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷的患者152例,阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛的患者95例。入选标准:有缺血证据的稳定性心肌缺血(冠状动脉有意义狭窄),接受择期左主干或左主干末端累及左前降支近端开口处置入支架,完成临床随访的患者。排除标准:急诊PCI患者;心源性休克;严重肝、肾、肺功能损害;恶性肿瘤、严重贫血、感染或甲状腺功能亢进等疾病;凝血功能障碍或出血性疾病;阿司匹林或氯吡格雷、替格瑞洛使用禁忌证或者不能耐受或者坚持长期用药。所有入选患者或其亲属均已签署知情同意书。

1.2 主要试剂及仪器

CYP2C19基因型检测方法术前抽取外周静脉血5 mL,EDTA抗凝,采用DNA微阵列芯片法进行CYP2C19基因型检测,所用试剂及检测方法按试剂盒说明书进行(上海百傲科技)。将扩增产物使用BaiOe-Hyb全自动杂交仪行杂交显色,结果采用BaiOBE 2.0生物芯片识读仪进行结果分析。将未携带*2和*3等位基因(如*l/*1)设为快代谢型;携带1个*2或*3等位基因(如* 1/*2、*l/*3)设为中代谢型;携带2个*2或*3等位基因(如*2/*2、*2/*3或*3/*3)设为慢代谢型。

1.3 治疗方法

所有患者PCI术前确保阿司匹林及氯吡格雷累计服用剂量≥ 300 mg,如不足PCI术前12 h负荷至300 mg;按照中华医学会心血管分会PCI指南操作;PCI术前进行CYP2C19基因型检测,2组常规剂量服用阿托伐他汀/瑞舒伐他汀、美托洛尔缓释片及血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂/血管紧张素受体阻滞剂等冠心病二级预防药物。氯吡格雷组PCI术后给予阿司匹林100 mg口服,1次/d,疗程12个月(拜耳医药保健有限公司,100 mg/片)联合氯吡格雷75 mg口服,1次/d,疗程12个月(赛诺菲(杭州)制药有限公司,75 mg/片),替格瑞洛组给予阿司匹林100 mg口服,1次/d,疗程12个月(同上)联合替格瑞洛75 mg口服,1次/d,疗程12个月(AstraZeneca AB,90 mg/片)。

1.4 观察指标

以专科门诊、住院或电话方式进行随访,术后1、3、6、9、12个月各随访1次,观察内容包括(1)MACE发生情况,MACE包括再发心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建,再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛,非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄。(2)TIMI出血事件发生率。

1.5 相关定义 1.5.1 稳定性心绞痛定义

本文指心前区、下颌、肩部、背部或上肢不适感,因劳累或情绪激动而加重,而硝酸廿油可使之缓解的,冠脉造影证实冠动脉病变引起的稳定性冠状动脉疾病。

1.5.2 出血定义

按照TIMI出血分级标准将出血事件分为主要出血和小出血,主要出血指颅内出血或临床可见出血伴血红蛋白浓度下降≥ 5 g/dl;其他为小出血。

1.5.3 MACE定义

MACE包括再发心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建,再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛,非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄(支架内再狭窄的影像学判断标准:原病变置入支架内腔直径狭窄程度≥ 50%标记为支架内再狭窄,无或 < 50%狭窄标志为无再狭窄)

1.5.4 复杂冠状动脉左主干病变定义

左主干病变或者左主干末端病变累及前降支开口,符合1998年ACC/ AHA专家组制定的B2或C型冠状动脉病变。

1.6 统计学方法

采用SPSS 16.0统计软件,计量资料以均数±标准差表示,连续变量资料均进行正态性检验,数据符合正态分布或经数据转换后符合正态分布,采用成组t检验,计数资料以百分率表示,采用Pearson's χ2检验或Fisher精确检验, 检验水准α=0.05。

2 结果 2.1 2组患者基线资料情况比较(表 1
表 1 2组一般临床资料比较 Tab.1 Clinical data of the patients in the 2 groups

2组年龄、性别、吸烟、糖尿病、高血压、TC、LDL、HDL、病变血管、支架置入、花生四烯酸(AA)途径的血小板抑制率、二磷酸腺苷(ADP)途径的血小板抑制率和ADP诱导的血小板-纤维蛋白凝块强度(MAADP)、DAPT评分比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),具有可比性(表 1)。

2.2 2组患者TIMI出血事件比较(表 2
表 2 2组出血事件比较 Tab.2 Incidence of TIMI bleeding in the 2 groups[n (%)]

在12个月的随访期间,两组患者均未出现颅内出血或临床可见出血伴血红蛋白浓度下降≥ 5 g/dl的大出血,替格瑞洛组小出血发生率较氯吡格雷组高,但差异无统计学意义(6.32% vs 4.61%,P=0.558)。

2.3 2组患者MACE比较(表 3
表 3 2组MACE比较 Tab.3 Incidence of MACE in the 2 groups[n (%)]

术后12个月时,氯吡格雷组发生MACE 23例,其中非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄7例,再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛10例,再发心肌梗死2例,靶血管再次血运重建3例;替格瑞洛组发生MACE 2例,其中非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄1例,再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛1例;2组均无死亡病例。替格瑞洛组MACE发生率明显低于氯吡格雷组,差异有统计学意义(2.1% vs 15.1%,P=0.001);2组非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄、再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。

3 讨论

对于严重冠状动脉狭窄病变患者,PCI治疗极大降低了人群病死率[8-9],PCI术后的抗血小板治疗减少了PCI术后MACE发生率[10]。根据CURE、TRITONTIMI38及PLATO、OPTIDUAL的大型试验结果[11-14],无论ACS还是稳定性心绞痛的患者,只要接受PCI,即推荐使用DAPT(Dual antiplatelet therapy),DAPT即环氧化酶抑制剂阿司匹林加用一种口服P2Y12二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受体抑制剂,疗程为12个月,这样能够减少心血管事件(包括支架内血栓、心肌梗死和心源性死亡等),而这个推荐也正被越来越多的患者接受[15]。然而,即使施行了成功的PCI及PCI术后积极的DAPT治疗,仍有小部分患者发生术后支架内血栓及支架内再狭窄[16, 8]。氯吡格雷抵抗可能是这部分患者PCI术后缺血事件的主要原因之一[17-18]。人群中CYP2C19分为慢代谢、中间代谢、快代谢型,慢代谢与中间代谢统称为CYP2C19功能低反应型,而CYP2C19功能缺失与氯吡格雷抵抗相关,能增加药物洗脱支架置入患者血栓性不良事件风险[19-21]。这种CYP2C19低反应型在亚洲人群较欧美人群更常见,超过50%的亚洲人携带≥ 1个CYP2C19功能丧失等位基因[22]。庄金龙等[23]研究发现,在210例PCI术后患者中,氯吡格雷抵抗CYP2C19突变型占55.2%。本研究入选的502例患者中,CYP2C19为中间代谢的患者达到247例,占49.2%。因此,对于PCI术后患者,进行CYP2C19基因检测以及进一步指导抗血小板治疗方案,可能是减少PCI术后缺血事件的一个重要手段。

PCI后DAPT治疗药物主要是阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷或者替格瑞洛。从药理学角度来看,氯吡格雷是噻吩并吡啶前体药物,需转化为活性代谢产物与P2Y12受体不可逆结合,氯吡格雷的转化过程需要细胞色素P参与,而CYP2C19是参与此途径的关键酶之一,CYP2C19基因的突变可能导致机体对氯吡格雷的反映存在个体差异[24]。替格瑞洛属环戊基-三氮唑-嘧啶类,能够直接可逆地与P2Y12受体结合,能更快更强效的抑制血小板活性[25]。所以,从理论上讲,阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛可能降低高危复杂冠状动脉病变及氯吡格雷低反应性患者主要不良心血管事件发生率。Zheng[26]等对冠状动脉分叉病变PCI治疗术后使用阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛或者氯吡格雷的患者进行为期1年的随访研究发现,与氯吡格雷组对比,替格瑞洛组PCI术后1年MACE显著下降。根据个体化基因型指导接受PCI的患者选择抗血小板治疗方案比标准方案具有更好的疗效和安全性,Kheiri等[27]的荟萃分析表明,与标准治疗相比,使用基因型指导抗血小板治疗可以显著降低MACE发生率。因此,指南推荐[28-29],急性冠状动脉综合征患者以及CYP2C19基因型为慢代谢的患者如行PCI,推荐阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛作为预防支架围术期及术后血栓事件的主要抗血小板药物。然而,对于非急性冠状动脉综合征患者,如果存在高危冠状动脉病变及高缺血风险且CYP2C19基因型为中间代谢型,PCI术后预防血栓事件的主要抗血小板药物是否也需要更换为阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛,其安全性及有效性,目前尚无充分的循证医学证据。本研究结果提示,替格瑞洛组PCI术后12个月内总MACE事件显著低于氯吡格雷组,而2组非血运重建性靶血管再狭窄、再发非心肌梗死性心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、靶血管再次血运重建比较,差异无统计学意义,考虑与研究样本量少有关,有待大样本数据进一步证实。尽管本研究样本量相对较小,但已提示对于左主干及左主干末端病变累及左前降支开口的CYP2C19基因型为中间代谢型的稳定性冠心病患者,PCI术后的DAPT治疗应用阿司匹联合替格瑞洛可以带来临床获益。因此,在复杂冠状动脉病变且CYP2C19基因型为中慢代谢型的冠心病患者,PCI术后应用阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛,较阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷,可明显降低MACE发生率。

有人认为,替格瑞洛似乎更容易发生出血等并发症,但是,Ohman等[30]对动脉粥样硬化患者的研究发现,替格瑞洛的使用剂量在100 mg,2次/d的情况下,出血主要为不严重的轻至中等的出血。Dobesh等[31]研究表明,替格瑞洛使用后发生重大致命性颅内出血的概率约为0.1%。荟萃分析表明,与传统的抗血小板方案相比,替格瑞洛组患者在20个月后的中风或大出血方面无显著差异[32]。本研究2组均未出现主要出血,主要为可控制的小出血的发生,多为皮肤出血、牙龈出血、鼻出血等。因此,在充分评估出血风险的前提下,在高危复杂冠状动脉病变且CYP2C19基因型为中慢代谢型的冠心病患者,PCI术后应用阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛,较阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷能有更安全有效的降低人群病死率。

综上所述,复杂冠状动脉左主干病变及高缺血风险且CYP2C19基因型为中间代谢型的非急性冠状动脉综合征患者,PCI术后预防血栓事件的主要抗血小板药物阿司匹林联合替格瑞洛与阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷比较,可以更安全有效的降低心血管不良事件,并不增加致命性出血风险。本研究的样本量偏低、单中心研究、支架置入技术的局限性、以及未对出血情况、随访期间的血脂、血压控制水平做进一步的统计分析等,是本研究的局限之处,需要更多中心、大样本的临床研究进一步证实,并对出血事件进一步观察及统计分析。

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