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  南方医科大学学报  2018, Vol. 38Issue (12): 1521-1526  DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.12.20.
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钟一鸣, 张晓荷, 刘文恩, 杨芳, 晏群, 刘清霞, 李艳明, 李虹玲, 邹明祥. 血流感染O16-ST131和O25b-ST131型大肠埃希菌的流行、系统发育群及耐药性[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2018, 38(12): 1521-1526. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.12.20.
ZHONG Yiming, ZHANG Xiaohe, LIU Wenen, YANG Fang, YAN Qun, LIU Qingxia, LI Yanming, LI Hongling, ZOU Mingxiang. Bloodstream infections with Escherichia coli O16-ST131 and O25b-ST131: molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis and antimicrobial resistance[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2018, 38(12): 1521-1526. DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.12.20.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(81672066)

作者简介

钟一鸣,硕士,E-mail: zhongymxy@163.com

通信作者

通信作者:
刘文恩,博士,教授,E-mail: wenenliu@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-04-09
血流感染O16-ST131和O25b-ST131型大肠埃希菌的流行、系统发育群及耐药性
钟一鸣 1, 张晓荷 2, 刘文恩 1, 杨芳 1, 晏群 1, 刘清霞 1, 李艳明 1, 李虹玲 1, 邹明祥 1     
1. 中南大学湘雅医院检验科,湖南 长沙 410008;
2. 中南大学湘雅医学院医学检验系,湖南 长沙 410013
摘要: 目的 探讨大肠埃希菌ST131型菌株的流行, 及其与非ST131耐药性是否存在差异, ST131感染者与非ST131感染者临床特征是否存在差异。方法 通过收集中南大学湘雅医院2016年1月~12月血流感染患者大肠埃希菌非重复菌株144株, 采用多重PCR方法进行系统发育分群, 采用等位基因特异性PCR进行ST131菌株筛选及O血清型分型, 收集144例患者的临床信息, 比较ST131感染者与非ST131感染者的临床特征有无差异, 采用Vitek2compact药敏分析仪检测细菌的耐药性。结果 系统发育分群结果显示, 144株大肠埃希菌菌株以B2群为主, 占41.0%(59/144), 其次分别为F群、B1群和E群, 分别占16.7%(24/144)、13.9%(20/144)和13.2%(19/144);其中9株(6.3%)属于ST131型, 包括8株O25b-B2-ST131和1株O16-B2-ST131;9例ST131患者中, 医院感染患者有7例, 占77.8%。ST131感染者的人口特征和临床特征与非ST131感染者相似。ST131型菌株对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、厄他培南、阿米卡星耐药率较低, 但对头孢唑林、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素以及复方新诺明耐药率>50%, ESBLs阳性率达77.8%, 多重耐药率高达88.9%, 并高于非ST131型菌株, 但差异并无统计学意义。结论 本地区血液分离大肠埃希菌中, B2群和F群为最常见系统分群, ST131型菌株检出率较低, 国内首次在血流感染中分离出O16-ST131菌株, ST131感染者的临床特征与非ST131感染者相似, ST131型菌株多重耐药率及ESBLs阳性率高, 应引起重视。
关键词: 大肠埃希菌    ST131    血流感染    系统发育分群    临床特征    耐药性    
Bloodstream infections with Escherichia coli O16-ST131 and O25b-ST131: molecular epidemiology, phylogenetic analysis and antimicrobial resistance
ZHONG Yiming 1, ZHANG Xiaohe 2, LIU Wenen 1, YANG Fang 1, YAN Qun 1, LIU Qingxia 1, LI Yanming 1, LI Hongling 1, ZOU Mingxiang 1     
1. Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China;
2. Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81672066)
Abstract: Objective To investigate the phylogenetics and prevalence of bloodstream infections with Escherichia coli ST131, the antimicrobial resistance profiles of the pathogens, and the clinical features. Methods Non-duplicate Escherichia coli isolates were collected from 144 patients with bloodstream infections in our hospital between January and December, 2016.The phylogenetic groups of the isolates were analyzed using multiplex PCR, and O serotyping of ST131 strains was performed by allele-specific PCR.The clinical characteristics of the 144 patients were analyzed to define the differences in the clinical features between patients with ST131 infection and those with non-ST131 infection.Antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates was determined using the Vitek 2 compact system. Results The phylogenetic group analysis showed a domination by group B2 (41.0%[59/144]), followed by group F, group B1 and group E, which accounted for 16.7%(24/144), 13.9%(20/144), and 13.2% (19/144), respectively.Nine strains (6.3%) of Escherichia coli were identified to be ST131 strains, among which 8 were O25b-B2-ST131 strains and 1 was O16-B2-ST131 strain.Of the 9 cases of ST131 infection, 7(77.8%) were found to occur in a nosocomial setting.The demographic characteristics and clinical features of the ST131-infected patients were similar to those of non-ST131-infected patients.ST131 strains were sensitive to piperacillin/tazobactam, imipenem, ertapenem, and amikacin, but showed high resistance rates to cefazolin, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole (all over 50%).The positivity rate of ESBLs in the ST131 strains was 77.8%, and the multidrug resistance rate reached 88.9%, which was higher than that of non-ST131 isolates, but the difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions The most common phylogenetic groups of Escherichia coli isolates from patients with bloodstream infections are group B2 and F, and the positivity rate of ST131 is low.We for the first time detected O16-ST131 in patients with blood-borne infections in China.The clinical features of ST131-infected patients are similar to those of non-ST131-infected patients.The positivity rate of ESBLs and the multidrug resistance rate are high in ST131 strains, which may raise concerns in the future.
Keywords: Escherichia coli    ST131    bloodstream infection    phylogenetic groups    clinical features    antimicrobial resistance    

血流感染引起的菌血症、败血症等是导致患者急性死亡的原因之一[1]。据卫生部全国细菌耐药监测网血流感染细菌耐药监测报告[1]显示,大肠埃希菌是导致血流感染最常见细菌,近年来发现大肠埃希菌ST131型(ST131)是一种高毒力的克隆型,该型别在全球范围内快速扩散[2],Cho等[3]研究发现韩国大肠埃希菌引起的血流感染中ST131比例为30.9%,Can等[4]发现土耳其大肠埃希菌所致血流感染中,ST131比例4年间从13%上升至23%,而国内关于血流感染中ST131的流行病学研究少见,相关研究[5-6]显示上海的流行率为13.3%~22.2%,董敏等[7]报道浙江地区为8.2%,提示不同国家和地区可能流行情况存在差异,而湖南地区尚缺乏相关数据。

目前研究[8-9]显示ST131菌株主要属于O25b:H4血清型,最近在几个国家也报道了存在一小部分O16:H5 ST131菌株[10-12]。然而,目前全球关于血流感染中ST131的研究,除了Ciesielczuk等[13]报道O16-ST131外,其余研究均未研究O血清型分型[3-7],或漏检O16亚型[14-15]。因此,研究血流感染中O16-ST131菌株仍十分必要。因此,本研究目的在于研究本地区血流感染大肠埃希菌ST131型的分布、O血清学分型以及耐药性,分析ST131与非ST131耐药性是否存在差异,以及ST131感染者与非ST131感染者临床特征是否存在差异,为防治引起血流感染的ST131的流行和传播打下基础。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

收集中南大学湘雅医院2016年1~12月血液标本中分离的大肠埃希菌菌株144株,同一患者多次分离到的菌株不重复计入。质控菌株为大肠埃希菌ATCC25922。

1.2 仪器与试剂

Vitek 2全自动微生物鉴定系统及配套用细菌鉴定卡(梅里埃);Biometra PCR扩增仪(ABI);电泳仪(Horfer);凝胶成像及分析系统(SynGene)。血琼脂、MH琼脂(天和)。

1.3 方法 1.3.1 DNA模板提取

挑取血平板上经2代纯培养的细菌菌落3~5个于200 µL灭菌双蒸水中磨匀,97 ℃煮沸10 min,快速冰浴冷却2 min,13 000 r/min离心10 min,吸取上清即细菌DNA,作为PCR反应模板备用。

1.3.2 系统发育分群检测

参照文献Clermont等[16]方法应用多重PCR对大肠埃希菌进行系统发育分群,所需引物序列见表 1。四重PCR扩增反应体系为24 µL:2× Taq PCR Master Mix 12 µL,引物chuAyjaATspE4.C2上下游引物各1 µL,ArpAgpE上下游引物各2 µL,DNA模板2 µL。PCR扩增条件:94 ℃预变性4 min,两步法94 ℃变性5 s,59 ℃退火及延伸20 s,30个循环,最后72 ℃延伸5 min。E组和C组特异性PCR扩增时,需加入trpBA作为内对照,反应体系为20 µL:2×Taq PCR Master Mix 10 µL,引物4 µL(上下游引物各2 µL),trpBA 2.4 µL(上下游引物各1.2µL),DNA模板2 µL,灭菌双蒸水1.6 µL。PCR扩增条件:94 ℃预变性4 min,两步法94 ℃变性5 s,57 ℃(E组)或59 ℃(C组)退火及延伸20 s,30个循环,最后72 ℃延伸5 min。对扩增产物进行电泳、拍照,并根据表 2进行结果判读。

表 1 系统发育群引物序列及产物大小 Tab.1 Primer sequences and sizes of PCR products used in the phylogenetic grouping
表 2 系统发育群结果判读 Tab.2 Interpretation of the results of phylogenetic grouping
1.3.3 ST131型菌株的筛选

参考Johnson等[17]文献,采用等位基因特异性PCR检测pabBtrpA鉴定ST131菌株,采用PCR扩增O分型基因鉴别O16和O25b型别。检测ST131菌株时,PCR扩增反应体系为20 μL:10 × buffer 2 μL,每种dNTPs 200 μmol,Taq酶2 U,MgCl2 1.5 mmol,pabB上下游各20 pmol,trpAuidA上下游各15 pmol,DNA模板2 μL;检测O16和O25b型别时,反应体系为20 μL:10×buffer 2 μL,每种dNTPs 200 μmol,Taq酶2 U,MgCl2 1.5 mmol,rfbO16rfbO25b上下游各20 pmol,uidA上下游各10 pmol,DNA模板2 μL。PCR扩增条件:94 ℃预变性4 min,94 ℃变性5 s,63 ℃(ST131鉴定)或59 ℃(O分型)退火及延伸20 s,30个循环,最后72 ℃延伸5 min。扩增产物电泳、拍照同前。

1.4 临床资料收集

收集144例患者的临床信息,如人口学信息(性别、年龄),基础疾病(糖尿病史、高血压病史等),患者来源(医院感染者或社区感染者),感染来源(原发性菌血症,或继发于肺炎、尿路感染等),感染前情况(是否使用激素或免疫抑制剂,是否接受过放疗或化疗,是否做过手术),治疗情况,住院时间及预后(好转、放弃治疗或死亡)等。并比较ST131感染者与非ST131感染者的临床特征有无差异。

1.5 药物敏感性试验

采用Vitek 2 compact细菌自动鉴定及药敏分析仪检测细菌对氨苄西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素、亚胺培南、厄他培南、阿米卡星、氨曲南和复方新诺明等14种药物的敏感性。药敏结果依照2016年CLSI的标准[18]判读。产ESBLs确认试验依据CLSI [18]推荐的纸片法,用头孢他啶(30 µg/片)和头孢他啶加克拉维酸(30 µg/10 µg)以及头孢噻肟(30 µg/片)和头孢噻肟加克拉维酸(30 µg/10 µg),分别测量两种纸片单独和加克拉维酸的抑菌圈直径,任何一种加克拉维酸较不加克拉维酸的抑菌圈直径增加≥5 mm可确认为产ESBLs菌株。多重耐药(MDR)的标准为对3类或3类以上药物耐药[19]。并比较ST131菌株与非ST131菌株耐药性有无差异。

1.6 统计学分析

数据采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析,构成比或率的比较用χ2检验或Fisher确切概率计算法,正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,两组间比较用两独立样本的t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数,四分位间距(Median,IQR)表示,两组间比较采用非参数Mann-Whitney U检验,P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 系统发育分群结果

在144株大肠埃希菌菌株中(表 3),可见B2群菌株占最大比例41.0%(59/144),其次分别为F群、B1群和E群,分别占16.7%(24/144)、13.9%(20/144)和13.2%(19/ 144)。

表 3 2016年湘雅医院血流感染分离大肠埃希菌分群情况 Tab.3 Phylogenetic grouping of E. coli isolates from patients with bloodstream infections in Xiangya Hospital in 2016 (n=144)
2.2 ST131型菌株检测结果

PCR结果显示144株大肠埃希菌菌株中,共有9株(6.3%)属于ST131型,都为系统发育B2群。对这9株ST131菌株进一步进行O血清学分型,显示其包括8株(88.9%)O25b-B2-ST131和1株(11.1%)O16-B2-ST131。

2.3 ST131感染者与非ST131感染者临床特征比较

在9例ST131感染者中,男性6例,女性3例,年龄0~70岁,平均42岁。患者的科室分布移植科3例,肿瘤科1例,胰胆外科1例,感染科1例,产科1例,新生儿科1例,急诊科1例。医院感染患者有7例,占77.8%。8例(88.9%)患者有基础疾病,其中4例含有2种及以上基础疾病,4例患者有肾脏疾病,包括肾移植术后2例,肾脓肿1例,肾积水1例。有3例患者是手术后感染,2例患者1月内接受过化疗。7例(77.8%)患者使用2种及以上抗菌药物治疗。有1例患者预后差,最终死亡,其余8例患者均好转出院。与非ST131患者相比,二者临床特征并无明显差异(表 4)。

表 4 ST131感染者与非ST131感染者临床特征比较 Tab.4 Comparison of clinical characteristics between patients with ST131 and non-ST131 infections
2.4 ST131与非ST131型菌株的耐药性比较

ST131型菌株对氨苄西林、头孢唑林、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素以及复方新诺明耐药率>50%,ESBLs阳性率达77.8%,多重耐药率高达88.9%,并高于非ST131型菌株,但差异并无统计学意义(表 5)。

表 5 血液分离ST131与非ST131型菌株的耐药性比较 Tab.5 Comparison of antimicrobial resistance between ST131 and non-ST131 isoaltes from patients with E. coli bacteremia
3 讨论

在全球范围内,肠外致病性大肠埃希菌是导致尿路感染、血流感染和脑膜炎的主要原因[20]。肠外致病性大肠埃希菌进入血流后诱发强烈的宿主炎症应答,从而引起败血症,导致血流感染的高发病率和死亡率[21]。大肠埃希菌ST131型被认为是主要的肠外致病性大肠埃希菌[22-23]。本研究结果显示,在血流感染的大肠埃希菌中ST131型别占6.3%,低于国内外的报道[3-7],提示ST131还未在本地区血流感染中形成大规模流行,可能存在其他引起血流感染的优势克隆型,需进一步检测。

已有研究认为O25b:H4是ST131菌株最主要的血清型[22, 24],而最近在少数几个国家发现的O16:H5血清型,仅占ST131菌株的一小部分比例[12, 25-26]。然而在全球有关血流感染大肠埃希菌的研究中,仅有Ciesielczuk等[13]在2015年研究发现,在英国血液和尿液中分离的143株ST131菌株中检出12株O16-ST131,但其并未区分具体标本来源。本研究结果显示,9株ST131型菌株包括8株O25b-B2-ST131和1株O16-B2-ST131,因此,本研究系国内首次发现血流感染中存在O16-ST131菌株,但菌株数量太少,为研究其分子流行特征需扩大样本量进一步筛查。

国外有研究认为大肠埃希菌菌株起源与系统发育群有关,同一个系统发育群的菌株可能存在共同的祖先,不同系统发育群致病力亦不相同[12, 27]。Wang等[5]研究发现血流感染中大肠埃希菌主要是B2群,其次是D群、B1群和A群。本研究结果显示,引起血流感染的大肠埃希菌主要为B2群,而F群菌株数量仅次于B2群,与Wang等[5]报道并不一致,原因可能是本研究采用最新的分群方法[16],更加细分出F群,目前采用这种新方法进行血流感染大肠埃希菌分群的文献报道罕见,关于F群菌株的特征有待进一步研究。

国外有研究[28-29]发现ST131感染多来源于社区感染,但Cho等[3]研究也发现ST131血流感染的患者中有67.6%的感染者来自医院感染,而本研究结果显示ST131感染以医院感染为主,与Cho等[3]报道一致。Chung等[30]研究发现ST131感染者比非ST131感染者更易继发于尿路感染,本研究结果显示,ST131感染者的人口特征和临床特征与非ST131感染者相似,ST131感染者尿路感染比例比非ST131感染者高,但差异并无统计学意义,与Cho等[3]报道一致。虽然已有的文献[30-31]报道ST131具有更多的毒力因子,但本研究结果显示ST131感染者的预后并不比非ST131感染者预后差。

药敏结果显示,血液分离大肠埃希菌ST131菌株对头孢唑林、头孢曲松、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、庆大霉素以及复方新诺明耐药率较高,ESBLs阳性率与多重耐药率均较高,结果与国内外相关报道[5, 32]相似,虽高于非ST131型菌株,但差异并无统计学意义,与Chung等[30]报道一致。本研究中ST131对环丙沙星耐药率为77.8%,Cho等[3]报道韩国血流感染中ST131菌株对环丙沙星耐药率高达94.1%,可能是由于地理位置不同及各地用药习惯差异所致。对哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、亚胺培南、厄他培南、阿米卡星耐药率较低,提示对于ST131引起的血流感染可优先选择这类药物进行经验性治疗。

综上所述,本地区血液分离大肠埃希菌中,B2群和F群为最常见系统分群,ST131型菌株检出率较低,国内首次在血流感染中分离出O16-ST131菌株,ST131感染者的临床特征与非ST131感染者相似,ST131型菌株多重耐药率及ESBLs阳性率高,应引起重视。

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