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  南方医科大学学报  2018, Vol. 38Issue (8): 992-996  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.15.
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黄维华, 吕田明, 李焕敏, 杜淑华, 杨灿洪, 袁师其. 血清载脂蛋白AI、B及其比值与脑白质变性严重程度的相关性[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2018, 38(8): 992-996. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.15.
HUANG Weihua, LÜ Tianming, LI Huanmin, DU Shuhua, YANG Canhong, YUAN Shiqi. Correlation of apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B and their ratio with the severity of cerebral white matter lesions[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2018, 38(8): 992-996. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.08.15.

基金项目

广东省自然科学基金(2017A030313461);广州市科技计划(201803010010);广东省医学科学技术研究基金(A2018061);南方医科大学“科研启动计划”(PY2017N029)

作者简介

黄维华, 硕士研究生, E-mail: 972535829@qq.com

通信作者

吕田明, 教授, 主任医师, 博士生导师, E-mail: lutianming@139.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2018-03-14
血清载脂蛋白AI、B及其比值与脑白质变性严重程度的相关性
黄维华 , 吕田明 , 李焕敏 , 杜淑华 , 杨灿洪 , 袁师其     
南方医科大学第三附属医院神经内科,广东 广州 510630
摘要: 目的 探讨载脂蛋白AI(ApoAI)、载脂蛋白B(ApoB)及ApoB/ApoAI与脑白质病变严重程度的关系。方法 回顾性收集648例经头颅MRI证实脑白质病变患者,根据Fazekas量表分为轻度脑白质变性者(n=386)和中重度脑白质变性者(n=262),收集总胆固醇、甘油三脂、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白、ApoAI、ApoB、ApoB/ApoAI比值以及人口统计学资料,并通过单因素方差分析、多因素logistic回归分析确定中重度脑白质变性的独立危险因素。结果 轻度与中重度者两组间比较年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、既往卒中史、同型半胱氨酸、高密度脂蛋白、ApoAI及ApoB/ApoAI差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),但两组ApoB水平差异无统计学意义(P=0.233)。多因素logistic回归分析显示ApoAI和ApoB/ApoAI作连续型变量资料时,调整混杂因素后发现ApoB/ApoAI是中重度脑白质病变的独立危险因素(OR=11.456,95%CI:3.622~36.229,P < 0.001),而ApoAI是中重度脑白质变性的独立保护因素(OR=0.068,95%CI:0.018~0.262,P < 0.001)。以ApoAI的上四分位数(p75)为截点分为低ApoAI(≥1.38 g/L)、高ApoAI(< 0.138 g/L);以ApoB/ApoAI的下四分位数(p25)为截点分为低ApoB/ApoAI(≤0.58 g/L)、高ApoB/ ApoAI(> 0.58 g/L)。通过比较发现,高ApoAI、低ApoB/ApoAI组患者的中重度WML的发病率最低(P < 0.001)。结论 在脑白质病变患者中,ApoB/ApoAI水平增高为中重度脑白质病变的独立危险因素,ApoAI水平增高为脑白质病变的独立保护因素。
关键词: 载脂蛋白AI    载脂蛋白B/载脂蛋白AI    脑白质病变    危险因素    保护因素    
Correlation of apolipoprotein AI, apolipoprotein B and their ratio with the severity of cerebral white matter lesions
HUANG Weihua, LÜ Tianming, LI Huanmin, DU Shuhua, YANG Canhong, YUAN Shiqi     
Department of Neurology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the correlation of apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI), ApoB, ApoB/ApoAI and the severity of brain white matter lesions (WML). Methods A total of 648 patients with WML confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were divided into mild WML group (n=386) and moderate to severe WML group (n=262) according to evaluations with the Fazekas scale. The demographic data, blood biochemical parameters and the levels of ApoAI, ApoB and ApoB/AI ratio were compared between the two groups to identify the risk factors of moderate to severe WML. Results Univariate analysis showed that age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, previous stroke, homocysteine, HDL-C, ApoAI, and ApoB/AI ratio all differed significantly between the two groups (P < 0.05), but ApoB levels were similar between them (P > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that with ApoAI and ApoB/AI ratio as the continuous variables, after adjustment for the compounding factors, ApoB/AI ratio was an independent risk factor (OR=11.456, 95%CI: 3.622-36.229, P < 0.001) and ApoAI was an independent protective factor for moderate to severe WML (OR=0.068, 95%CI: 0.018-0.262, P < 0.001). With the upper quartiles of ApoAI level (1.38 g/L) and ApoB/AI ratio (0.58) as their respective cutoff values, patients with a high ApoAI level and a low ApoB/AI ratio were found to have the lowest incidence of moderate to severe WML (P < 0.001). Conclusion An increased ApoB/AI ratio is an independent risk factor and an increased ApoAI level is an independent protective factor for moderate to severe WML.
Keywords: apolipoprotein AI    apolipoprotein B    white matter lesions    risk factors    protective factors    

脑白质病变(WML)与老年痴呆、脑卒中、残疾等相关,尤其是中重度WML导致的认知和运动功能障碍是不可逆的,加重了社会医疗体系的负担。既往研究多侧重于探讨WML发病与否的危险因素,但轻度WML无明显临床症状,一般不易被发现,况且年龄是不可干预的因素。因此,寻找中重度WML危险因素,尤其是可干预的危险因素,具有重要意义。载脂蛋白B(ApoB)和载脂蛋白AI (ApoAI)是动脉硬化和心血管事件的良好预测指标[1-2]。有研究发现ApoAI与痴呆之间存在负相关关系,ApoB与痴呆存在正相关关系[3-4]。另有研究发现ApoAI是WML的独立危险因素,但仅阐明ApoAI通过炎症机制与WML相关。目前暂无研究报道ApoB及ApoB/ApoAI与WML的关系及作用机制。然而已有研究表明ApoB和ApoB/ApoAI不仅与机体的炎症水平相关,并且与血管病变及脑血流灌注相关[5-7],因此,将ApoAI、ApoB及其比值结合起来探讨其与WML的关系有助于寻找影响WML发展的危险因素。本研究采用回顾性分析方法,探讨在中老年WML患者中,血清ApoAI、ApoB及其比值与WML严重程度的相关性。

1 资料和方法 1.1 一般资料

回顾性收集2015年1月~2017年12月南方医科大学第三附属医院神经内科连续入院、符合以下标准的患者648例。纳入标准:(1)年龄≥50岁;(2)完善头颅MRI检查(包括T1 WI、T2 WI、T2-FLAIR序列),证实存在WML者;(3)临床病历资料齐全,住院期间完善血脂、血尿酸、血同型半胱氨酸等检查。排除标准:(1)非血管源性的(多发性硬化、脑白质营养不良等);(2)急性卒中患者;(3)肿瘤,痴呆,精神病患者;(4)入院前1月内规律使用降脂药物的患者。

1.2 分析指标 1.2.1 临床资料

包括姓名、性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病,冠心病、既往卒中史、吸烟。

1.2.2 血液指标

所有入组患者于入院后次日清晨采集空腹静脉血,送至我院临床检验科完善血脂、血尿酸、血同型半胱氨酸等检查。收集指标包括ApoAI和ApoB,总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三脂(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)。

1.2.3 影像学检查

所有入组患者于住院期间完善头颅MRI检查(包括T1 WI、T2 WI、T2-FLAIR序列),由2位临床经验丰富的神经科医生采用双盲法根据Fazekas量表[8]对所有入组患者进行WML评分,有异议者由第3位神经科医生再次评估后决定。将脑室旁和深部白质病变分开评分。脑室旁白质病变评分,1分:帽状或者铅笔样薄层病变;2分:病变呈光滑的晕圈;3分:不规则的脑室旁高信号,延伸到深部白质。深部白质病变评分,1分:点状病变;2分:病变开始融合;3分:病变大面积融合。两部分的得分相加计算总分。总分 < 3为轻度组,总分≥3分为中重度组。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0统计软件进行分析。呈正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用两独立样本t检验。计数资料以百分数表示,组间比较采用卡方检验。采用多因素logistic回归分析血清ApoAI、ApoB及ApoB/ApoAI水平与脑白质变性严重程度的相关性。P < 0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 临床资料比较

本研究共纳入轻度WML患者386例(59.6%),中重度WML患者262例(40.4%)。与轻度WML组比较,中重度WML组患病年龄更大(P < 0.001),男性比例更高(P=0.044),高血压、糖尿病、冠心病、既往卒中史的患病率更高(P < 0.05),同型半胱氨酸、ApoB/ApoAI水平更高(P < 0.001),而HDL-C、ApoAI水平较低(P < 0.001)。两组的ApoB、尿酸、TC、TG、LDL-C水平、吸烟情况差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05,表 1)。

表 1 轻度WML组与中重度WML组患者的临床资料比较 Table 1 Comparison of the clinical data between mild WML group and moderate to severe WML group
2.2 血清ApoAI、ApoB/ApoAI水平与中重度WML的相关性

将单因素分析结果中P < 0.1的变量作为自变量纳入二分类logistic回归模型中。ApoAI及ApoB/ApoAI作连续型变量资料纳入多因素logistic回归模型中,调整相关混杂因素后发现年龄、高血压、既往卒中史、ApoB/ApoAI是中重度WML的独立危险因素(P < 0.05),ApoAI是中重度WML的独立保护因素(P < 0.001,表 2)。

表 2 中重度WML独立危险因素的多因素logistic回归分析 Table 2 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with moderate to severe WML

分别将ApoAI、ApoB/ApoAI以四分位数法分为4个等级,作为等级变量进入logistic回归方程。ApoAI的4个等级分别为:≤0.96,0.96~1.15,1.15~1.38,≥1.38 g/L;ApoB/ApoAI比值的4个等级分别为:≤0.58,0.58~ 0.73,0.73~0.91,≥0.91 g/L。调整混杂因素后发现,血清ApoAI水平降低、ApoB/ApoAI水平升高有加重WML的风险。在WML患者中,最高水平等级者罹患中重度WML的风险为最低水平等级者的0.1和7.8倍(表 3)。

表 3 中重度WML独立危险因素的多因素logistic回归分析 Table 3 Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors associated with moderate to severe WML
2.3 血清ApoAI联合ApoB/ApoAI水平对患者WML严重程度的影响

以ApoAI的上四分位数(p75)为截点分为低ApoAI(≥1.38 g/L)、高ApoAI(< 0.138 g/L);以ApoB/ ApoAI的下四分位数(p25)为截点分为低ApoB/ApoAI (≤0.58 g/L)、高ApoB/ApoAI (> 0.58 g/L)。再根据血清ApoAI及ApoB/ApoAI的高低将所有研究对象分为4组:(1)高ApoAI、高ApoB/ApoAI组;(2)高ApoAI、低ApoB/ApoAI组;(3)低ApoAI、高ApoB/ApoAI组;(4)低ApoAI、低ApoB/ApoAI组。通过比较发现,高ApoAI、低ApoB/ApoAI组的中重度WML的发病率最低(n=11, 10.9%),低于其他3组(P < 0.05,图 1)。

图 1 血清ApoAI联合ApoB/ApoAI水平对患者WML严重程度的影响 Figure 1 Association of ApoAI combined with ApoB/AI ratio with the severity of brain white matter lesions. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001 vs high ApoAI and low ApoB/AI group. A: High ApoAI level with low ApoB/ApoAI; B: High ApoAI level with high ApoB/ApoAI; C: Low ApoAI level with low ApoB/ApoAI; D: Low ApoAI level with high ApoB/ ApoAI.
3 讨论

本研究是在中老年人群中探索血清ApoAI、ApoB及其比值与WML严重程度的相关性。通过回顾性分析648例WML患者的临床资料及血脂情况,调整混杂因素后发现年龄、高血压、既往卒中史是WML的独立危险因素,这与既往的研究结果一致[9-10]。另外,本研究发现ApoB与WML严重程度没有相关性,而血清ApoAI、ApoB/ApoAI水平与WML严重程度相关。通过多因素logistic回归分析显示,调整了混杂因素后发现血清ApoAI水平降低及ApoB/ApoAI水平增高有加重WML的风险。通过比较发现,低ApoAI、高ApoB/ApoAI组的中重度WML的发病率最高,二者相结合更有助于预测WML的发生发展。

WML的发病机制主要慢性低灌注缺氧、氧化应激和炎症反应、内皮功能紊乱、血脑屏障破坏、β淀粉样物质沉积、基因多态性、胶质增生等有关[11]。既往对临床常用的血脂指标与WML相关性研究的结果并不统一,有研究显示TC和LDL-C升高和是WML的独立危险因素[12],而这个结论并未被其他研究证实[13],在本研究中并未发现TC、LDL-C与WML存在相关性。有研究指出HDL-C降低是WML的独立危险因素[14],但在另一项研究中却发现TG升高是WML的独立危险因素,HDL-C降低并不是WML的独立危险因素[15]。本研究也并未发现TG、HDL-C与WML严重程度相关。越来越多的研究表明,载脂蛋白比目前临床中常使用的传统脂质参数更能准确预测心血管疾病的风[16-18]

ApoAI是高密度脂蛋白的主要载脂蛋白,具有清除胆固醇和防止周围组织脂质沉积的功能,参与胆固醇从外周到肝脏的逆向转运过程,而且具有抗氧化和抗炎作用。相反,ApoB是低密度脂蛋白和极低密度脂蛋白的主要脂蛋白成分,可刺激动脉平滑肌增值并进入内膜下层,具有致动脉粥样硬化的作用。因此,ApoB/ApoAI代表促动脉粥样硬化和抗动脉粥样硬化之间的平衡关系。

血清ApoAI、ApoB/ApoAI水平与WML的病理机制尚不完全清楚,而目前认为可能的机制包括:ApoAI具有抗氧化、抗炎症反应的作用。ApoAI通过对APT结盒转运子AI产生作用而抑制白细胞介素-6等炎性因子释放[19],避免炎症因反应造成脑白质损伤。ApoAI可与β淀粉样蛋白结合,避免β淀粉样蛋白的神经活性介导脑白质发生病变[20]。此外,ApoAI可以直接避免小血管发生动脉瘤,防止脑白质发生病变[21]。ApoB/ApoAI与氧化应激与炎症水平呈正相关[22],当血清ApoB/ApoAI水平增加时,氧化应激与炎症产生众多的炎症因子(如C反应蛋白、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α、单核细胞趋化蛋白-1、细胞间粘附分子-1和血管粘附分子-1等)均与动脉粥样硬化炎症过程相关,它们可以通过不同的生理功能作用于动脉粥样硬化发展的不同阶段,相互作用,相互交联,形成复杂的网络,扩大炎症的级联反应。而临床研究和动物实验都已证明炎症反应是WML的重要发病之一[23-25]。血清ApoB/ApoAI水平增加时,动脉发生粥样硬化改变[26],血管反应减弱甚至消失。有研究发现脑血管自身调节受损,增加了血压波动期间脑白质区域受损的易感性[5]。此外,Brisset等[6]研究证明了脑内大血管硬化程度与白质区域血流量减少有关。这些研究都证明了动脉粥样硬化后,低灌注引起脑白质变性。另外,动脉硬化过程中的炎症因子(如肿瘤坏死因子-α)刺激血管内皮发生损伤性改变,内皮功能障碍与脑白质变性相关[27]。血管内皮细胞的损伤也改变了血脑屏障通透性,BBB通透性的改变也与脑白质疏松症和腔隙性脑梗死相关[28]。ApoB/ApoAI升高时,颈动脉内中膜增厚、硬化狭窄[29],颈动脉粥样硬化与WML的发生有关[30]

目前对于WML的预防和治疗仍缺少有效的手段,临床上主要为控制血压、血糖、戒烟、戒酒、纠正认知障碍等药物治疗,然而效果有限。因为WML是一个慢性系统性炎症反应的过程,但目前对抗炎症过程的预治的研究尚少。根据本研究的结果,旨在升高ApoAI和(或)降低ApoB/ApoAI的治疗方案在延缓WML进展的方面可能具有潜在的益处。最近有研究表明,依折麦布/辛伐他汀(10/20 mg)和阿托伐汀(20 mg)均可降低ApoB/ApoAI[31],另一项研究则表明辛伐他汀可以延缓WML的进展[32],提示上述药物在WML防止中的作用,但需更多的研究来证实。

本研究存在一定的局限性:本研究是采用Fazekas量表对患者WML严重程度分级,不同观察者可能存在误差。本研究为回顾性研究,入选的研究对象是以医院神经内科为基础的患者组成,可能比以社区为基础的患者具有更多的血管危险因素,未来的研究需要进一步排除相关影响因素,在一般人群中验证本研究的结果。

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