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  南方医科大学学报  2017, Vol. 37Issue (12): 1592-1596  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.12.05.
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张磊, 祁冀, 景亚军, 覃波, 李义凯, 刘刚, 郭晓光, 扶世杰. 推桥弓手法对食蟹猴轻度颈动脉粥样硬化模型血流动力学的影响[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2017, 37(12): 1592-1596. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.12.05.
ZHANG Lei, QI Ji, JING Yajun, QIN Bo, LI Yikai, LIU Gang, GUO Xiaoguang, FU Shijie. Effect of pushing manipulation on Qiaogong acupoint on hemodynamics in cynomolgus monkeys with mild carotid atherosclerotic plaques[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2017, 37(12): 1592-1596. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.12.05.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金(81273871);四川省教育厅科研项目(17ZB0472);泸州市科技局科技计划项目(2016-176-13)

作者简介

张磊,博士研究生,E-mail: 307501597@qq.com

通信作者

扶世杰, 主任医师,硕士生导师,E-mail: fushijieggj@126.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2017-06-13
推桥弓手法对食蟹猴轻度颈动脉粥样硬化模型血流动力学的影响
张磊 1,2, 祁冀 2, 景亚军 2, 覃波 1, 李义凯 2, 刘刚 1, 郭晓光 1, 扶世杰 1     
1. 西南医科大学附属中医医院,四川 泸州 646600;
2. 南方医科大学中医药学院,广东 广州 510515
摘要: 目的 探讨推桥弓手法对食蟹猴轻度颈动脉粥样硬化模型血流动力学的影响。方法 选取9只正常食蟹猴,并随机分为3组(每组3只):推桥弓组、模型对照组、空白对照组。对推桥弓组和模型对照组食蟹猴建立轻度颈动脉粥样硬化模型,然后,对推桥弓组给予相应手法干预,最后对3组的颈动脉血管情况以及血流动力学进行对比评价。结果 (1)在彩超检查中,推桥弓组、模型对照组可见斑块形成,同时,在血管横切面面积、斑块横切面面积、斑块狭窄率方面,与空白对照组比较,推桥弓组、模型对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而推桥弓组和模型对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)在各项血流动力学指标中,与空白对照组对比,推桥弓组、模型对照组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),而推桥弓组和模型对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 粥样硬化斑块对颈动脉的血流动力学会产生影响,但推桥弓手法在短期内不会影响斑块的稳定性,也不会加重血流动力学的影响。
关键词: 推桥弓手法    颈动脉粥样硬化    斑块    血流动力学         
Effect of pushing manipulation on Qiaogong acupoint on hemodynamics in cynomolgus monkeys with mild carotid atherosclerotic plaques
ZHANG Lei1,2, QI Ji2, JING Yajun2, QIN Bo1, LI Yikai2, LIU Gang1, GUO Xiaoguang1, FU Shijie1     
1. Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China;
2. School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81273871)
Abstract: Objective To explore the hemodynamic changes in cynomolgus monkeys with mild carotid atherosclerotic (CAS) plaques after therapy with pushing manipulation on Qiaogong acupoint (MPQ). Methods Nine cynomolgus monkeys were equally randomized into MPQ group, mild CAS model group and blank control group. Mild CAS models were established in the monkeys in MPQ and model groups, and the monkeys in MPQ group received treatment with MPQ intervention after the modeling. The conditions of the carotid artery and the hemodynamic changes in the 3 groups were evaluated after the treatment. Results Formation of CAS plaques was detected in monkeys in both MPQ and model groups. The vascular cross-sectional area, plaque cross-sectional area and stenosis rate of the plaques in the two groups all differed significantly from those in the blank control group (P < 0.05), but these parameters were similar between MPQ group and the model group (P > 0.05). Compared with those in the blank control group, the hemodynamic parameters showed significant changes in MPQ and the model groups (P < 0.05) but remained similar between the latter two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion CAS plaques can cause changes in hemodynamic parameters. Short-term therapy with MPQ does not affect the stability of the plaques or cause adverse effects on hemodynamics in cynomolgus monkeys with mild CAS plaques.
Key words: manipulation    Qiaogong acupoint    carotid atherosclerosis    plaques    hemodynamics    

高血压病是当今世界最主要的流行病、慢性病之一。动脉粥样硬化(AS)是一种慢性炎症性疾病,也是高血压靶器官损害的重要中间坏节。AS是血管壁对各种损伤的异常反应[1],往往无特异性症状,多为相关器官受累后出现相应的临床表现,在诸多AS中,颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS)较常见,是心肌梗死、缺血性脑卒中等急性心脑血管疾病的病理基础[2-3]。最新数据显示,我国脑卒中亚型中,约60%~80%为缺血性脑卒中[4],其中由CAS导致的缺血性脑卒中约占20% [5]。现代医学对高血压的治疗,主要以药物控制为主,虽然都能有效控制血压,但同时也存在一些副作用[6-9]。而有CAS的高血压患者更应该慎重选择高血压药物。祖国医学并没有提及CAS的有关概念,不过多数学者认为CAS属于中医“淤血”、“痰浊”的范畴。常见的中医药疗法包括重要复方治疗[10-13]、中药提取物[14-15]。然而,CAS高血压的药物治疗几乎伴随患者终身,积极探讨非药物疗法对高血压病的防治具有重要意义。

推拿疗法经诸多临床研究证明是防治高血压的有效方法之一[16-17],其中又以推桥弓手法[18]尤为突出。桥弓穴的相关记载,可以最早追溯到《黄帝内经》时期,但是,其确切方法的提出,则属于现代。桥弓穴是由民间医家经验总结的一个推拿要穴,现代人将其运用到治疗高血压[19]。虽然推桥弓手法治疗高血压疗效显著,但仍可能伴发诸多并发症,如脑血管意外等[20]。由于推拿手法使用不当,如操作不规范、用力过大等,可能改变CAS斑块的生物力学性能[21],导致CAS斑块破裂[22-23],进而引发缺血性脑卒中等急性心脑血管疾病。相关研究报道,颈动脉血流动力学变化是CAS斑块破裂的关键因素之一。如局部血流动力学改变可能使血流类型由层流变为湍流,对管壁冲击力增加,产生较大的剪切应力,从而破坏斑块的稳定性,导致斑块脱落或破裂[24]。故检测推桥弓手法对CAS血流动力学的影响对提高推桥弓手法的安全性具有重要意义。

目前,推桥弓手法的临床治疗作用得到一些研究的肯定,但是,在手法操作过程中是否会影响CAS斑块稳定性,及血流动力学变化,甚至加重CAS,引起斑块脱落,危及生命,尚未有明确定论,相关研究也鲜有报道。因此,本研究对推桥弓手法干预CAS模型血流动力学的影响进行深入研究具有一定临床意义。

1 材料和方法 1.1 主要试剂、耗材及仪器

Zoletil 50麻醉剂购自法国Virbac公司。碘伏、无菌镜器械包、止血带等均购自北京中杉金桥公司。高脂饲料(含2%胆固醇、10%猪油和88%普通颗粒饲料)由云南英茂公司配制提供。彩色多普勒超声诊断系统产自荷兰Philips公司(型号:L15-7io)。

1.2 实验动物及分组

选取SPF级正常食蟹猴9只,均为雄性,体质量6~7 kg,年龄4~5岁,动物饲养和动物实验均在云南英茂公司实验中心完成,动物许可证号:SYXK(滇) 2009-0003。所有程序通过了该公司的动物实验伦理审查委员会的批准。将9只食蟹猴随机分为3组,每组3只,分别是:推桥弓组、模型对照组、空白对照组。先进行分组,然后再对推桥弓组和模型对照组进行CAS造模,空白组不做特殊干预。

1.3 模型建立

将推桥弓组和模型对照组食蟹猴进行CAS造模,每只食蟹猴只造一侧颈总动脉。造模方法:给予Zoletil 50 (5 mg/kg)麻醉后,常规消毒、铺巾,在胸锁乳突肌和喉结之间的间隙分离出颈总动脉,用注射器针头穿刺入动脉,并在动脉内壁上反复刮檫。拔出针头,用纱布按压进针点,待无明显渗血后,冲洗伤口,逐层缝合,术毕。手术均有同一组操作人员完成。术后注意观察伤口及动物吞咽、进食等情况。术后3 d分别给予盐酸左氧氟沙星氯化钠注射液(8 mg/kg)静脉滴注预防感染,同时给予注射用盐酸曲马多(2 mg/kg)肌注减轻术后疼痛。术后即给予高脂饲料喂养,8周后,在麻醉状态下行颈部彩超检测,可见颈总动脉内壁上有CAS斑块形成(图 1)。CAS模型斑块狭窄率在(7.28±0.82) %,根据2003年北美放射学会超声会议制定的标准[25],属于轻度狭窄。其中,推桥弓组的斑块狭窄率为(7.35±0.98) %,模型对照组的斑块狭窄率为(7.22±0.85) %,两组对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),说明两组具有可比性。

图 1 颈动脉彩超验证CAS斑块情况 Figure 1 CAS plaques (white arrows) observed by color Doppler ultrasound.
1.4 手法干预

造模成功后,将推桥弓组食蟹猴固定在固定椅上,沿着左右颈动脉各推20次,1次/d,共30 d。模型对照组、空白组不做特殊干预。所有手法操作均由1名主治医师完成。

1.5 检查方法

给予Zoletil 50 (5 mg/kg)麻醉后,取仰卧位,头微后仰,充分暴露颈部。检查时,彩超探头检查范围距离颈总动脉分叉处1.37±0.10 cm,主要检测颈总动脉血管和斑块情况,指标包括:血管横切面面积、斑块横切面面积、斑块狭窄率(斑块横切面面积/血管横切面面积× 100%)。同时,检测颈总动脉血流动力学,指标包括:收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)、时间平均血流速度(TAV)、阻力指数(RI)[(PSV-EDV)/ PSV]、搏动指数(PI)[(PSV-EDV)/TAV]。

1.6 统计学方法

使用SPSS 20.0软件进行统计分析,计量数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较应用单因素方差分析(LSD-t检验)进行统计,检验水准α=0.05。当P<0.05认为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

在彩超检查中,推桥弓组、模型对照组可见斑块形成,同时,在血管横切面面积、斑块横切面面积、斑块狭窄率方面,与空白对照组比较,推桥弓组、模型对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而推桥弓组和模型对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)(图 23)。在各项血流动力学指标中(PSV、EDV、TAV、RI、PI),与空白对照组对比,推桥弓组、模型对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而推桥弓组和模型对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,图 45)。

图 2 3组在血管横切面面积、斑块横切面面积的对比情况 Figure 2 Comparison of vascular cross-sectional area and plaque cross-sectional area among the 3 groups. *P < 0.05 vs blank control group.
图 3 3组在斑块狭窄率方面的对比情况 Figure 3 Comparison of stenosis rate of plaque among the 3groups. *P < 0.05 vs blank control group.
图 4 3组PSV、EDV和TAV的对比情况 Figure 4 Comparison of PSV, EDV, and TAV among the 3 groups. *P < 0.05 vs blank control group.
图 5 3组RI和PI的对比情况 Figure 5 Comparison of RI and PI among the 3 groups. *P < 0.05 vs blank control group.
3 讨论

CAS是动脉内膜表面隆起的斑块,动脉内膜增厚是CAS的早期指征,而粥样斑块形成是其最具特征性的病变[26-29],因此,我们通过针刺划痕法联合高脂饲养的CAS造模方法对动物进行造模,在术后8周,通过颈部彩超检测,可见颈总动脉内壁上有CAS斑块形成。CAS模型斑块狭窄率在(7.28±0.82) %,属于轻度狭窄。在造模过程中未发生动物死亡的不良事件,这说明我们的造模方法安全有效,可以有效的建立轻度CAS模型,为后续的实验提供了研究基础。

AS破裂是一个复杂的过程,往往是多因素联合作用的结果:(1)血流动力学因素。局部低壁面切应力和高剪切震荡指数是粥样硬化斑块形成、破裂的高危因素[30-33]。(2)斑块易损性。斑块的形态、大小、成分、生物学活性等与斑块稳定性密切相关[34-36]。斑块易损性与纤维帽厚度呈负相关,而与炎症细胞数量、脂质核心的大小呈正相关[37-38]。斑块内巨噬细胞的数量是决定斑块稳定性的重要因素,巨噬细胞数量越多, 斑块越不稳定[39-40]。同时,血流动力学与斑块易损性相关[41]。(3)机械应力。颈部推拿由于手法操作不规范、过度用力或违背解剖学原则等,可能损伤颈动脉、撕裂神经纤维,AS斑块受到高应力,引起脱落、破裂等,造成缺血性脑卒中等急性脑血管疾病[42-44]

在诸多推拿著作及临床实验中,均指出推桥弓手法能起到很好的即刻降压效应,具有良性、双向调节和无毒副作用等优点。而血流动力学的异常可促进CAS的形成、发展[45-47]。因此,观察推桥弓手法对食蟹猴轻度CAS斑块模型血流动力学的影响具有重要的意义。

在本研究中,在颈总动脉横切面面积、斑块横切面面积、斑块狭窄率方面,与空白对照组比较,推桥弓组、模型对照组差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),而推桥弓组和模型对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),这说明推桥弓组和模型对照组均有斑块形成,且推桥弓手法在短期内不会影响斑块的稳定性。在各项血流动力学指标中,推桥弓组、模型对照组PSV、EDV、TAV均低于空白对照组,说明斑块的形成会影响颈动脉的血流速度,从而进一步影响血供,同时,RI、PI均高于正常组(P<0.05),说明在CAS中,血管壁负荷增大。但推桥弓组和模型对照组比较,PSV、EDV、TAV、RI、PI差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),这说明推桥弓手法在短期内不会加重血流动力学的影响。

本研究在实施过程中,由于客观原因和条件的限制,存在以下不足:(1)本研究只针对轻度CAS,对中、重度CAS有待进一步的研究。(2)出于伦理和安全性的考虑,实验对象选择食蟹猴,而不是直接作用于人体,手法对两者的影响是否有所不同,需待相关研究进一步探讨。

综上所述,AS斑块对颈动脉的血流动力学会产生影响,但推桥弓手法在短期内不会影响斑块的稳定性,也不会加重血流动力学的影响。

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