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  南方医科大学学报  2017, Vol. 37Issue (4): 512-516  DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.04.15.
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孙玲, 陈志恒, 尹敏娜, 邓宇, 刘俊. 选择性卵裂期单胚胎移植的妊娠分娩结局[J]. 南方医科大学学报, 2017, 37(4): 512-516. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.04.15.
SUN Ling, CHEN Zhiheng, YIN Minna, DENG Yu, LIU Jun. Pregnancy and obstetric outcomes of elective single versus double cleavage-stage embryo transfer[J]. Journal of Southern Medical University, 2017, 37(4): 512-516. DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.04.15.

基金项目

广东省计生委基金(2012319)

作者简介

孙玲,博士,副主任医师,E-mail: sunling6299@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2016-12-12
选择性卵裂期单胚胎移植的妊娠分娩结局
孙玲, 陈志恒, 尹敏娜, 邓宇, 刘俊     
广州市妇女儿童医疗中心生殖医学中心,广东 广州 510623
摘要: 目的 比较选择性卵裂期单个优质胚胎移植与双优质胚胎移植的妊娠分娩结局。 方法 回顾性分析2014年1月~2015年10月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心生殖医学中心实施体外受精胚胎移植治疗年轻患者239例,选择单个卵裂期优质胚胎进行移植的年轻患者39例为研究组,同期移植2个优质胚胎的年轻患者200例对照组。分析比较两组间临床妊娠结局及分娩结局。 结果 两组平均年龄、体质量指数、基础内分泌、不孕年限、HCG日子宫内膜厚度无统计学差异(P>0.05);单胚胎移植组HCG日雌激素水平、获卵数高于双胚胎移植组,总Gn用量低于双胚胎移植组(P < 0.05);单胚胎移植组胚胎着床率为56.4%,高于双胚胎移植组的37.8%(P < 0.05);两组临床妊娠率和活产率无统计学差异(56.4% vs 66.0%,48.7% vs 51.5%,P>0.05)。单胚胎移植组无1例多胎妊娠,而双胚胎移植组双胎妊娠率为22.7%(P < 0.05)。单胚胎移植组分娩孕周、新生儿出生体质量明显高于双胚胎移植组(38.7周vs 37.8周,3.3 kg vs 2.9 kg,P < 0.05);早产率在单胚胎组仅为10.5%,低于双胚胎移植组27.2%,但差异无显著性。单胚胎移植组无1例低体质量儿出生,而双胎组低体质量儿比例占22.6%(P < 0.05)。 结论 卵裂期选择性单胚胎移植与双胚胎移植相比,可明显降低双胎率,对活产率无影响,同时可以获得更好的产科结局。
关键词: 选择性单胚胎移植    多胎率    妊娠结局    产科结局    
Pregnancy and obstetric outcomes of elective single versus double cleavage-stage embryo transfer
SUN Ling, CHEN Zhiheng, YIN Minna, DENG Yu, LIU Jun     
Assisted Reproductive Medical Center, Guangzhou Women and Children's Hospital, Guangzhou 510623, China
Abstract: Objective To compare the pregnancy and obstetric outcomes in elective single versus two cleavage-stage embryo transfer. Methods Fresh cleavage-stage embryo transfer cycles between January, 2014 and October, 2015 were reviewed, including 39 single embryo transfer (eSET) cycles and 200 double embryo transfer (DET) cycles. The clinical pregnancy rates, implantation rates, multiple pregnancy rates, live birth rate, and obstetric outcomes (gestational age, preterm delivery rate and mean birth weight) were compared between the two groups. Results The baseline characteristics were comparable between the two groups. The estradiol level on the day of trigger and the oocyte number were significantly higher in eSET group than in DET group (10654.4 pmol/L vs 8284.2 pmol/L and 8.4 vs 7.0, respectively). No significant difference was found in the pregnancy rate (56.4% vs 66.0%) or live birth rate (48.7% vs 51.5%) between the two groups, and their implantation rates differed significantly (56.4% vs 37.8%). No multiple pregnancies occurred in eSET group while the rate of multiple pregnancies was 22.7% in DET group. The gestational age and mean birth weight were significantly higher in eSET group (P < 0.05), and the preterm delivery rate after DET was nearly three times of that after eSET, although this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Elective single embryo transfer can be performed without compromising the live birth rates. Multiple pregnancy rates can be significantly reduced with eSET, which also results in a higher chance of delivering a term singleton live birth compared with DET.
Key words: elective single embryo transfer    multiple births    pregnancy outcomes    obstetric outcomes    

体外受精-胚胎移植(IVF-ET)治疗中由于移植2~3枚胚胎,导致双胎妊娠(多胎妊娠)的发生率增高[1-3],双胎(多胎)妊娠在妊娠早期可增加卵巢过度刺激综合征(OHSS)的风险[4],孕中、晚期可导致母体产科并发症增多,早产发生率增加[3]。因此,2000年以后国际评估辅助生殖技术成功的指标从提高IVF临床妊娠率转化为提高单胎活产率[5]。选择性单胚胎移植(eSET)从2008年开始被人类受精与胚胎学会推荐常规使用[6],美国单胚胎移植率也从2004年的1.8%上升到2012年的14.9% [7]。卵裂期选择性单胚胎移植国外研究较多,认为其累计妊娠率与移植2个胚胎无差异,但可明显降低双胎妊娠率[8],国内仅有的1篇文献讨论卵裂期选择性单胚胎移植与非选择性单胚胎移植的妊娠结局[9]。对实际临床工作指导意义不大。

因此,本研究拟探讨卵裂期具有多个优质胚胎时行选择性单胚胎移植与双胚胎移植的妊娠结局、并发症、产科结局,为推广、实施卵裂期选择性单胚胎移植提供理论依据。

1 对象和方法 1.1 研究对象与分组

本研究回顾性分析2014年1月~2015年10月在我院实施体外受精治疗年轻患者239例。纳入标准:女方年龄20~35岁,卵巢功能正常,促排卵治疗方案为长方案或拮抗剂方案,移植胚胎数为1或2个;排除标准:年龄>35岁,其他促排卵方案治疗。分组:取卵后72 h选择单个卵裂期优质胚胎进行移植的年轻患者39例为研究组,患者签署知情同意书后选择优质胚胎一枚移植;同期IVF治疗后移植2个优质胚胎的年轻患者200例为对照组。

1.2 促排卵方案

所有患者均采用长方案或拮抗剂方案。当3个卵泡≥18 mm,予绒毛膜促性腺激素(HCG,珠海丽珠)6000~10 000 U扳机,HCG后34~38 h取卵。

1.3 胚胎培养及评分

精液处理采用密度梯度离心与上游法相结合,胚胎培养采用G-IVF(Vitrolife,瑞典)序列培养基培养。培养72 h后按照伊斯坦布尔共识[10],卵裂期优质胚胎定义为D3胚胎卵裂球7~8细胞,碎片 < 10%,卵裂球大小均匀。优质胚胎率定义为:优质胚胎/所有卵裂球胚胎的比率。单胚胎移植组选择1枚优质胚胎行D3移植,双胚胎移植组移植2枚优质胚胎,两组剩余胚胎均冷冻保存。

1.4 黄体支持

取卵日起每日肌注黄体酮注射剂60 mg或阴道雪诺酮凝胶(默克雪兰诺)90 mg黄体支持。

1.5 移植后管理及随访

胚胎移植后14 d后行血妊娠试验确定是否妊娠,阴性者停止黄体支持,阳性者继续黄体支持。移植28 d行B超检查,观察孕囊数及胎心搏动。着床率定义为:移植后28 d B超所见的孕囊数/移植的胚胎个数。所有孕妇于分娩后1个月内随访分娩情况。孕周 < 37周定义为早产儿,出生体质量 < 2500 g定义为低体质量儿。

1.6 统计学方法

应用SPSS 19.0软件进行数据分析,计量资料采用均数±标准差表示,均数比较采用t检验,计数资料采用χ2检验,理论频数小于5用FISH确切概率法。P < 0.05(双侧)表示差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 患者临床特征及促排卵治疗情况

单胚胎移植组共39例,双胚胎移植组200例,两组年龄、体质量指数、基础FSH、不孕年限均无统计学差异(P>0.05,表 1)。单胚胎移植组HCG日子宫内膜厚度无统计学差异(P>0.05)HCG日雌激素(E2)水平(P=0.000)、获卵数(P=0.009)高于双胚胎移植组,总Gn用量低于双胚胎移植组(P=0.004,表 2)。

表 1 患者基础特征 Table 1 Demographic characteristics of the women receiving IVF-ET
表 2 患者促排卵治疗特征 Table 2 Controlled ovarian stimulation characteristics of the women receiving IVF-ET
2.2 临床妊娠结局

39例单胚胎移植年轻患者,22例获得临床妊娠;无1例多胎妊娠。200例移植2个优质胚胎年轻患者,132例获得临床妊娠;其中双胎分娩30例,单胎分娩73例。两组妊娠率、流产率、异位妊娠率、活产率均无统计学差异(P>0.05,表 3);着床率单胚胎移植组高于双胚胎移植(P=0.023)。双胚胎移植组22.7%双胎妊娠(P= 0.008)。

表 3 临床妊娠结局 Table 3 Pregnancy outcomes of the IVF-ET cycles
2.3 产科结局

单胚胎移植组分娩孕周较双胚胎移植组高,差异有显著性;早产率在单胚胎组仅为10.5%,低于双胚胎移植组27.2%,但差异无显著性。单胚胎移植组新生儿出生体质量明显高于双胚胎移植组,且无1例低体质量儿出生。而双胎组低体质量儿比例占22.6%(表 4)。

表 4 产科结局 Table 4 Obstetric outcome of the IVF-ET cycles
3 讨论

目前辅助生育技术中常规采用取卵后移植2个第3天卵裂期胚胎,在提高临床妊娠率的同时双胎及多胎率的发生明显增高[11]。为减少多胎妊娠的负影响,人类受精与胚胎学会从2008年开始推荐进行选择性单胚胎移植[6],更有研究认为对年轻患者选择性单胚胎移植应成为一线策略[12]

选择性单胚胎移植主要优点是避免多胎妊娠[13]与避免OHSS [14]。本中心从2014年开始对35岁以下,获卵数较多,雌激素水平较高的女性进行选择性单个优质胚胎移植。与Martin推荐的方案一致[15],其认为年龄小于35岁;获卵数多,特别是获卵数超过10个的年轻患者适合进行选择性单胚胎移植。

对比两组的妊娠结局,发现单胚胎移植组临床妊娠率为56.4%,较双胚胎移植组低10%,但无统计学差异。与Eum [16]结果相同,而van Montfoort [17]随机对照研究发现卵裂期单胚胎移植会降低临床妊娠率。结论不一致的原因可能是van Montfoort研究未对单胚胎移植组患者进行预评估,而我们的研究是对年轻,预后好的患者进行单胚胎移植,因此妊娠结局较好。虽然单胚胎移植组临床妊娠率低,但两组活产率较为接近,分别为48.7%和51.5%,与Fauque [18]和Thurin [19]的研究结果相似;此外,Gelbaya [20]临床荟萃分析也证实选择性单胚胎移植与移植2个胚胎最后的活产率无差异。活产率接近的可能原因单胚胎移植着床率较双胚胎移植明显增高,在本研究中单胚胎移植组种植率较双胚胎移植组高20%(56.4% vs 37.8%),与Hatirnaz [14]的研究相似,其发现在多囊卵巢综合征患者治疗周期中,单胚胎移植着床率较双胚胎移植高20%。单胚胎移植高着床率的原因可能是由于多个胚胎导致的早期着床拥挤,着床部位不充分[23]。而López-Regalado[21]和Zhang [22]的结果均显示两组着床率无统计学差异。因此,选择性单胚胎移植并不影响妊娠结局。

辅助生殖技术最主要的并发症为双胎妊娠和卵巢过度刺激综合征。在本研究中移植单个优质胚胎组无双胎或多胎妊娠,而移植2个优质胚胎组双胎妊娠率为22.7%,有统计学差异;与既往多项研究一致[21-22, 24-26],证实单胚胎移植可有效减少多胎妊娠率。其次,在单胚胎移植组无卵巢过度刺激综合征病例,而同期移植2个胚胎年轻患者有2例发生中度卵巢过度刺激综合征,均发生在移植后宫内双胎妊娠患者。虽然双胚胎移植组OHSS病例数也较少,两组间无统计学差异,但单胚胎移植组HCG日雌激素浓度较双胚胎移植组升高近2000 pmol/L,却无OHSS病例,依然可以提示单胚胎移植是预防卵巢过度刺激综合征的措施之一,加拿大妇产科学会也将单胚胎移植作为避免卵巢过度刺激综合征的措施推荐使用[27]

分析两组的产科结局发现单胚胎移植组分娩孕周和出生体重均较双胚胎移植组高,而低体重儿比率较双胚胎移植组低。主要原因是双胚胎移植组中近30%为双胎分娩,导致早产率在单胚胎组为10.5%,而双胚胎移植组达27.2%,McLernon [28]对卵裂期选择性单胚胎移植的产科结局进行荟萃分析发现选择性单胚胎移植足月产率增高。此外,单胚胎移植组的出生体质量明显高于双胚胎移植组,且无低体质量儿出生。与Grady [29]的荟萃分析结果相似,其研究发现单胚胎移植可明显降低早产率及低体质量儿出生比率。

本研究不足之处主要是:首先,本研究是单中心小样本回顾性研究,研究组和对照组虽然在年龄、不孕年限、卵巢功能等方面均无差异,但促排卵后的雌激素水平与获卵数仍有差异,而既往研究发现取卵前雌激素水平与妊娠率相关性仍有争议[30-31];因此,可能对两组临床妊娠率的结果有一定影响。其次,本研究未对单次取卵周期的累积妊娠率进行研究,而国外对单胚胎移植妊娠结局的研究中累积妊娠率是重要的评估指标之一[32-34]

总之,卵裂期选择性单胚胎移植与双胚胎移植相比,活产率无影响,可明显降低双胎妊娠率,同时可以获得更好的产科结局。应在临床工作中常规应用。

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